The kushingaira Nzvimbo enzayemu: mamiriro ehupfumi. Ndiani akawana basa nzvimbo enzayemu? Chii anonzi zvinoshingaira nzvimbo enzayemu?

Isu tose vakanzwa makemikari, asi hazvingaiti kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu kwazvo anonyatsoziva kuti izvi zvinhu zviri kurongwa, uye nei vari kudiwa. Nyaya ino ichatibatsira kunzwisisa marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita makemikari (makemikari) rwevanhu, uye kushingaira kwavo nzvimbo kunyanya.

tsvakurudzo History

Muna 1833, kemisiti French Anselme Payen kuziva uye kutsanangura zvivako zviri enzayemu amylase.

Makore mashomanana gare gare, Louis Pasteur, kudzidza kutendeuka shuga kupinda doro zvinobatanidza mbiriso, akataura kuti izvi imhaka kuti makemikari anoumba mbiriso.

Pakupera ari XIX remakore physiologist Villi Kyune rokutanga rokuti "enzayemu".

German Eduard Buchner muna 1897 kuzivikanwa uye akatsanangura zymase - enzayemu zvakaoma kuti catalyzes kutendeuka sucrose kupinda panyaya iyi kuita. Zvakasikwa zymase zhinji kwazvo muna mbiriso.

Hazvizivikanwi kana uye akazarura zvinoshingaira nzvimbo enzayemu. Izvi zvakawanikwa rwunoverengerwa pamwe akahwina mubayiro weNobel kemisiti Edaurdu Buchner, American zvipenyu James Sumner nevamwe vanozivikanwa masayendisiti vaishanda pamusoro kudzidza enzymatic catalysis.

General ruzivo pamusoro makemikari

Yeuka kuti makemikari - zvinhu mapuroteni hunhu, izvo kuita mabasa ari zvipenyu catalysts nemakemikari. The enzayemu ane zvikamu zvisingakwanisi zvakananga kutora chikamu mairi, unyatsoshanda kuita chinopa inoshingaira nepakati enzayemu.

Hezvino zvimwe zvivako zviri makemikari:

1) kunyatsoshanda. A shoma tiwedzere wakakwana mhanyisa makemikari nezvinoita 10 ⁶ nguva.

2) Specificity. Imwe enzayemu hakusi nokudenga tiwedzere chero maitiro muchitokisi. Nokuti enzayemu akaratidza specificity chiito: mumwe enzayemu catalyzes zvakafanana siyana pamwe substrates mumwe chete kana akawanda (the reactant inosimbisa), asi vamwe namakemikari reagents nokuda chete hunhu, iyo enzayemu kungava kusingabatsiri. Kudyidzana pamwe substrates akakodzera uye mberi kumhanyisa nemapinduriro chinopa inoshingaira nepakati enzayemu.

3) Clear Activity. The enzayemu basa muchitokisi iri dzichichinja kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro.

4) Concentration mamwe makemikari muchitokisi hakusi kugara uye dzingasiyana zvichienderana kwokunze ezvinhu. makemikari zvakadaro zvipenyu inonzi inducible.

kupatsanura pakati makemikari

In ayo mamiriro, makemikari anogona rakakamurwa nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Simple Zvinosanganisira bedzi pamusoro amino asidhi residues, muri kunzwisisa boka zvinhu asiri mapuroteni. Complex inonzi coenzymes.

By mhando enzayemu catalysed siyana vari akakamurwa:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze redox siyana).

2) Transferases (kune mapoka kwemaatomu).

3) Lyases (anonamatira namakemikari zvisungo).

4) Lipase (kubatana fomu iri zvinoitwa nokuda nesimba ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut Zvinoitwa interconversion pamusoro isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze nemakemikari nokuda kugaya pamwe nezvisungo).

mamiriro enzayemu

Enzayemu - kunzwisisa-dimensional matatu yakarongeka, iro rinoumbwa kunyanya amino asidhi residues. Uyewo pane prosthetic boka - chimwe chezvinonhuwira asiri mapuroteni hunhu, chokuita amino asidhi residues.

Makemikari - kunyanya globular mapuroteni kuti dzinogona kubatanidzwa mune dzakaoma gadziriro. Kufanana nevamwe proteinaceous zvinhu, makemikari zviri denatured nokuwedzera tembiricha kana kuona zvimwe makemikari. Panguva denaturation dzinosiyana tertiary enzayemu marongerwo uye saizvozvo zvivako yezviri muzinda makemikari. Somugumisiro, mashoko enzayemu basa shoma chaizvo.

Catalyzed substrate rinowanzova chiduku zvikuru pane enzayemu pachayo. Nyore enzayemu ine makumi matanhatu amino asidhi residues, uye chacho vanoshingaira centre - maviri chete.

Pane makemikari CATALYTIC nzvimbo amino acids zvisina kumiririrwa, uye ane Organic prosthetic boka, kana (kakawanda) inorganic kwakabva - cofactor.

Pfungwa yezviri nzvimbo

chikamu chiduku pakati enzayemu chete avepo nemakemikari. Chikamu ichi enzayemu inonzi zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. The kushingaira Nzvimbo enzayemu - a lipid, vashoma amino asidhi residues kana prosthetic boka, runokusunganidzai kuti substrate uye catalyzes zvingaitwa. The amino asidhi residues yezviri nzvimbo anogona kuva chero amino acids - Polár, nonpolar, mhosva, inonhuwirira uncharged.

The rinoita enzayemu centre (lipid ichi, amino acids uye zvimwe zvinhu inogona kuita pamwe reagents) - chinonyanya kukosha chikamu enzayemu, pasina izvi zvinhu hazvaibatsira.

Kazhinji, asi enzayemu morekuru ane kushingaira nzvimbo imwe chete, ndichisunga rimwe kana kupfuura reagents zvakafanana. The amino asidhi residues yezviri centre wakaumba rehydrogen, hydrophobic kana covalent zvisungo, pokubatana enzayemu-substrate yakaoma.

Nemamiriro yezviri centre

The vanoshingaira nzvimbo makemikari, nyore uye kunzwisisa chiri muhomwe kana slots. maumbirwo uyu vanoshingaira nechepakati enzayemu kunofanira kuenderana geometrically uye electrostatically ari substrate, sezvo nokuchinja tertiary nemamiriro enzayemu anogona kuchinja basa nzvimbo.

Ndichisunga CATALYTIC centre - nzvimbo vanoshingaira pakati enzayemu. Zviri pachena kunyorerana nzvimbo "macheki" substrate kugarisana, uye ari chokuita nacho, uye CATALYTIC pakati rinobatanidzwa zvakananga kuita.

Nokusungwa yezviri pakati substrate

Kuti tsanangura sei zvinoshingaira nzvimbo enzayemu chokuita chimwe reagent, vanoverengeka pfungwa dzave dzichitaurwa. Inonyanya kufarirwa vavo - Fisher pfungwa, ndiko dzidziso "zvechizarira uye kiyi". Fisher akataura kuti pane imwe enzayemu Zvakanakisa wakanyatsokodzera mumwe substrate panyama uye nemakemikari ayo zvivako. Pashure paumbwe chero okunatsiridza hakuitiki enzayemu-substrate yakaoma.

Imwe nyanzvi American - Daniel Koshland - akawedzera Fisher kubvuma kuti pfungwa kuti zvinoshingaira nzvimbo enzayemu kunogona kuchinja conformation ravo chero hakukodzeri imwe substrate.

The kinetics pamusoro enzymatic siyana

Features enzymatic kuita kudzidza nemakemikari omuviri private kwemauto - enzayemu kinetics. Zvidzidzo izvi kunyanya Sayenzi zvinoitwa nedzimwe kuwanda makemikari uye substrates, kuti nedoro nemapinduriro mwero iri tembiricha mukati sero uye zvivako yezviri nzvimbo makemikari zvichienderana mumuviri uye namakemikari parameters yacho svikiro.

Enzayemu kinetics unoshanda pfungwa dzakadai maitiro zvazvingava, activation simba, activation mhinganidzo, samolecular basa, yakananga basa nevamwe. Funga zvimwe izvi pfungwa.

Kuti paiva zvipenyu maitiro, kuti reagents zvakafanira kuti uchatamisa zvimwe simba. simba iri kunonzi activation simba.

Kuwedzerwa enzayemu kuti reactants kuderedza yacho activation simba. Zvimwe zvinhu sei pamusoro pasina kutora chikamu makemikari, sezvo activation simba hahusvikirwi. The Zvakaitwa zvakanyatsoenzana hakurevi dzinofamba pamwe Kuwedzerwa enzayemu.

The zvakaitwa zvazvingava - uwandu kuita chigadzirwa akaonekwa kana akanyangarika iri chikwata nguva.

Kutsamira nemapinduriro velocity pamusoro substrate wevasungwa dimensionless wenyama kwazvo ndozvavava - Michaelis rusingaperi.

Molecular Activity - uwandu substrate mamorekuru kuti kuchinjwa mumwe morekuru enzayemu muzana chikwata nguva.