Mashandiro makemikari. Basa makemikari mumuviri

Makemikari - a globular mapuroteni, izvo anobatsira kupfuura zvose cellular kwendangariro. Kufanana catalysts zvose, havagoni kudzoka mhinduro, uye anoshandiswa mhanyisa nayo.

Localization kuti makemikari ari muchitokisi

Inside muchitokisi, munhu wacho makemikari zviri anowanzoitwa yaiva uye anoshanda munzvimbo organelles zvachose kunorondedzerwa. Localization kuti makemikari kwakabatana zvakananga mashandiro iyo kazhinji anoita sero nzvimbo.

Zvinenge zvose makemikari ose glycolysis dziri mune cytoplasm. Makemikari Krebs kutenderera - mune mitochondrial chizvaro. The vanoshingaira zvinhu zviri lysosomes hydrolysis.

Vamwe nyama uye nhengo zvemhuka uye zvinomera zviri kwete chine makemikari, asiwo basa ravo. Ichi chinhu micheka wakashandiswa kiriniki nokuda nechirwere vamwe zvirwere.

Kunewo zera-zvakananga zviri mubasa uye vakagadzira pamusoro makemikari munyama. Vari pachena zvikuru kuoneka munguva embryo kukura apo tishu Kusiyanisa.

Nomenclature kuti makemikari

Kune akawanda mugadziriro okuremekedza, chimwe nechimwe anofunga ehupfumi ari enzayemu kuti siyana inegumi.

• Zvenhando. Mazita zvinhu vanopiwa anongoitika vatambi. Somuenzaniso, pepsin (pepsis -. "Kugaya", Gr) Uye trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" muchiGiriki.)
• Kodzera. Zita enzayemu iri rinoumbwa substrate uye kuguma "-ase". Somuenzaniso, amylase Inowedzera kuti hydrolysis kuti starch (amylo -. "Starch", Greek).
• Moscow. Rakazoshandiswa muna 1961 neInternational Commission pamusoro Nomenclature kuti makemikari ari V International nokukanganisika Congress. Title fuma rinoumbwa imwe substrate uye maitiro iyo catalyzed (wakakurumidza) enzayemu. Kana mashandiro makemikari ari kutamira rimwe boka kwemaatomu kubva Morekuru (substrate) mumwe (the acceptor), anowedzera anosanganisira zita uye makemikari zita acceptor. Somuenzaniso, muna amino boka kutapurirana maitiro kubva alanine 2-oksiglutarovuyu asidhi chikamu enzayemu alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. The zita kunoratidza:
• substrate - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaric asidhi;
• amino akashivirira ari kuita.

International Commission akaita zvekunyora mazita ose anozivikanwa makemikari, iyo nguva achiudza. Izvi imhaka kuwanikwa itsva zvinhu.

kupatsanura pakati makemikari

Share makemikari mumapoka munzira mbiri. Wokutanga inopa makirasi maviri zvinhu:

• nyore - rinoumbwa chete mapuroteni;
• kunzwisisa - zvine mapuroteni chikamu (apoenzyme) uye asiri puroteni inonzi coenzyme.

Mavhitaminzi anogona vanobatanidzwa asiri mapuroteni chikamu enzayemu zvakaoma. Kudyidzana nevamwe zvinhu kunoitika kuburikidza yezviri nzvimbo. Total enzayemu Morekuru haabatanidzwi muna kwacho.

Properties kuti makemikari, uyewo mamwe mapuroteni, takatsunga nokuda maumbirwo yavo. Zvichienderana catalysts riri chete mhanyisa kwavo kuita.

Chechipiri kupatsanura nzira rinokamukana nyaya chokwadi, chii chinosara rinoitwa nevanhu makemikari. Zvinoguma makirasi nhanhatu:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Ichi boka kwakajairika, zvinosiyana kwete chete mhando wanda inodzora makemikari Kunoumbwa mavari. In zvinhu akasiyana mapoka maumbirwo akasiyana. Uye mashandiro makemikari muchitokisi, naizvozvo, haagoni kuva zvakafanana.

Oxidoreductases - redox

The chikuru kushanda boka makemikari rokutanga - kumhanyisa kuti oxidation-rutapudzo zvavaifunga. A maitiro chinhu: kukwanisa kuumba ngetani oxidative makemikari, umo kuchinjwa maerekitironi kana rehydrogen maatomu kubva pakutanga substrate kusvika kwokupedzisira acceptor. yeimwe izvi vanoparadzaniswa maererano nheyo kushanda kana kubasa iri kuita.

1. Kurovedza dehydrogenase (oxidase) mhanyisa kutapurirana maerekitironi kana protons zvakananga yakachena maatomu. Anaerobic uyewo kuita chete chiito, asi maitiro kuitika pasina kupararira maerekitironi kana rehydrogen maatomu ari okisijeni maatomu.
2. Primary dehydrogenase catalyzed muitiro kushaya rehydrogen maatomu kubva oxidizable zvinhu (chikuru substrate). Secondary - mhanyisa kubviswa rehydrogen maatomu kubva substrate yechipiri zvakagadzirwa nokushandisa chepuraimari dehydrogenase.

Chimwe chinhu: ari maviri chinoumba tiwedzere ane shoma chaizvo akaisawo coenzyme (active boka), vanogona mhanyisa yakatarwa dzakasiyana-siyana oxidation-rutapudzo zvavaifunga. Izvi zvinoitwa vakawanda dzakasiyana: zvakafanana coenzyme anogona kuomerera zvakasiyana apofermentami. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, zvikurukuru oxidoreductase iine ehupfumi.

Pane zvimwe boka iri makemikari, zvisingagone kukundikana kutaura - Ivo rikurumidze kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa chokuita nokubudiswa simba. Maitiro akadaro dzinonzi exothermic.

Transferase - vatakuri

makemikari izvi kushanda sezvo kumhanyisa kuchinjirwa siyana samolecular residues uye dzichipfekeka mapoka. Somuenzaniso, phosphofructokinase.

Govera mapoka vasere catalysts, inobva zvinotonzi boka. Chimboona zvimwe vavo.

1. Phosphotransferase - kubatsira kutamira residues pamusoro phosphoric acid. Vari rakakamurwa subclasses maererano kuenda (doro, carboxylic acid, etc.).
2. Aminotransferase - mhanyisa zvakaitwa amino acids transamination.
3. Glycosyl - akatamisira glycosyl residues ari mamorekuru kuti mamorekuru pakati phosphoric esters ose mono- uye polysaccharides. Huchaunza manyowa Zvinoitwa uye kwetunhu oligo- kana polysaccharides mune miti uye zvinenge mhuka. Somuenzaniso, ivo mubasa maitiro sucrose akawisa.
4. Acyltransferase akatamisira residues pamusoro carboxylic acids kuti amines, alcohols uye amino acids. Acyl-coenzyme-A chinhu-chinja tsime mapoka acyl. Rinogona kunzi sezvo chinoshingaira boka acyltransferases. Kakawanda akashivirira acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - ozeyewa pamwe kutora chikamu chemvura

In boka iri makemikari kushanda sezvo catalysts nokuda cleavage siyana (kwetunhu zvishoma) kuti makemikari yeimwe umo mvura rinobatanidzwa. Zvinhu zviri muboka iri zvinochengetwa mumakeji uye zvomudumbu muto. The mamorekuru ari nemudumbu catalysts ine chimwe chikamu.

Nzvimbo localization pamusoro makemikari aya lysosomes. Yavanobata kukudzivirira mashandiro anoita makemikari muchitokisi; namatirai kune dzimwe zvinhu kuti vakayambuka membrane. Ivowo richapedza vaya zvinhu izvo isingachadiwi muchitokisi, iro lysosomes vaipomerwa utsanana.

Mumwe "zita remadunhurirwa rokuti" dzavo - kuti cellular kuzviuraya, sezvo vari mukuru chishandiso muchitokisi autolysis. Kana paiva chirwere, anogumbura kwacho zvakwatanga, kuti Kamudzira inova permeable uye lysosomal hydrolase kunze cytoplasm, achiparadza zvose munzira kwayo uye kuparadza sero.

Shared ne mhando inoverengeka catalysts kubva muboka iri:

• esterase - mhosva hydrolysis kunzwisisa doro esters;
• Glycosidase - mhanyisa hydrolysis pamusoro glycosides, zvichienderana iyo isomer vanoita, emit α- kana β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - mhosva hydrolysis kuti peptide zvisungo zviri mapuroteni, uye pasi zvimwe zvinhu uye kuti kwetunhu wavo, asi nzira iyi haisi kushandiswa mapuroteni usage mu zvipenyu masero;
• amidase - mhosva hydrolysis ose amides Somuenzaniso, urease catalyzes kuti manyowa kubva urea kupinda amoniya uye mvura.

Isomerase - Morekuru kutendeuka

Izvi zvinhu mhanyisa kuchinja mukati mumwe Morekuru. Vangave STRUCTURAL kana geometric. Izvi zvinogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana:

• kuchinjwa rehydrogen maatomu;
• unomutsa phosphate boka;
• kuchinja nzvimbo mabhomba groupings vari muchadenga;
• sangano iri kaviri chisungo.

The isomerization anogona pachena kuti makemikari acids, makabhohaidhiretsi kana amino acids. Isomerase anogona exchange aldehydes uye ketones, Ukuwo, zviri Kishi chimiro reconstructed kuva mhiri chimiro uye shure. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chii chinosara chiri kuteererwa makemikari ose boka iri, unofanira kuziva musiyano isomers.

Lyase misodzi kubatana

makemikari izvi mhanyisa non-hydrolytic manyowa pane makemikari yeimwe ukama:

• kabhoni-kabhoni zvisungo;
• phosphorus-okisijeni;
• kabhoni-sarufa;
• kabhoni-senitrogen;
• kabhoni-okisijeni.

Saka dzinounzwa zvakadai zvigadzirwa akadai nyore carbon dioxide, mvura, amoniya, uye namahwindo kaviri zvisungo. Vashoma wanda izvi zvinogona kupinda negwara, unoenderana makemikari pasi yakakodzera ezvinhu kuti izvi kwete chete catalyze kuparara, asi kwetunhu.

Kupatsanura lyase kunoitika maererano mhando, vanoutyora. Ndivo makemikari akaoma.

ligase crosslinked

The chikuru kushanda makemikari ose boka iri - the kumhanyisa of kwetunhu siyana. peculiarity yavo - mukusika conjugation pamwe disintegration kuti zvinhu izvo vanokwanisa kupa simba nokuda biosynthetic rikurumidze. Kune mapoka matanhatu inoumbwa chokuita mhando. Vashanu vavo ndivo akafanana subgroups lyases, uye wechitanhatu ndiwo mutoro nokuvumba kutaurirana "senitrogen-metal".

Vamwe ligases vanobatanidzwa mune kukosha muchitokisi pezvakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, imwe DNA ligase munyaya kuberekana kubva deoxyribonucleic acid. Iye anoisa nicked, nokusika itsva phosphodiester zvisungo. Zvakanga iye uyo anobatana Okazaki zvimedu.

Izvi chete enzayemu iri zvinowanzoshandiswa magene mapurani. Inoita masayendisiti kuti crosslink morekuru reDNA pamusoro zvakakodzera zvidimbu navo, pakusika yakasiyana ngetani deoxyribonucleic acid. Vanogona kuisa chero ruzivo, pabude fekitari kuti pagadzirwe zvinokosha mapurotini. Somuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kuti kusona nhindi DNA ane utachiona mhosva jekiseni usage. Zvino sero kuchaita kutepfenyurwa pachako mapuroteni ayo, iye panguva imwecheteyo ngatiitei uye zvicherwa zvinodiwa kwezvokurapa zvinangwa. Zvazvinosarira chete kubvisa, uye zvichabatsira vanhu vazhinji vairwara.

The hombe Basa makemikari mumuviri

Vanogona kuwedzera maitiro mwero nguva kupfuura gumi. Zvinokosha kuti chakaipa muchitokisi basa. A makemikari havagovani mumwe kuita. Naizvozvo, enzayemu basa iri muviri siyana sezvo zvose kuitika kwendangariro. A nokuvhiringidzirwa catalysts izvi kunotungamirira zvikuru nemigumisiro.

Makemikari zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa zvokudya, chiedza indasitiri, mushonga, akashandiswa zvaAtemisi chizi, Sausages, zvomumagaba zvokudya, zvinosanganisirei sipo Nezvakakuyiwa. Vanewo akashandiswa zvaAtemisi Photographic zvinhu.