The Code raHammurabi: dzinokosha mitemo, rondedzero uye nhoroondo. The Code raHammurabi mambo

Kubvira kare kare, vanhu anotsvaka waidzora maitiro vemo, kodzero dzavo uye mabasa, munzanga, uye chinzvimbo. Mukuru hwakawanda huripo anogadza mitemo ndiko Code raHammurabi, akasika makore 4000 akapfuura. Gwaro pamutemo kuti haana analogues ari kure kare, achiri zvinoshamisa vatsvakurudzi.

A akasiyana kuwana

The Code raHammurabi yakawanikwa pakutanga ari XX remakore pamusoro nharaunda vemazuva Iran.

Muna 1901, boka matongo kubva kuFrance, akatungamirirwa Jacques de Morgan, aiitisa Zvakafukunurwa pa Susa. Kune mamiriro weEramu mumazuva Mesopotamia yekare - achikwikwidzira weBhabhironi rekare.

rwendo urwu akawana zvimedu matatu basalt mbiru kureba kusvika 2 mamita. Pavanenge vakabatana, zvakava pachena kuti ichi chinhu akasiyana kuwana. In yokumusoro chikamu Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda mambo kana mutongi mufananidzo, accesses mwari Shamash yakanga yakabata chinhu chakafanana mupumburu. Zvinotevera mufananidzo uye seri Musono Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda vaiva vatambi ecuneiform.

Zvichida, ngwizhingwi navaEramu mune rimwe vachirwisa dzavo kutora kunze Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda weBhabhironi uye kuendeswa neErami. Mauto, Ungangove, uye akachimedura, pashure nokutorera dzinza akanyorwa wokutanga.

Basalt Mbiru akakurudzirwa kuti Louvre, apo mashoko akanyorwa pariri deciphered uye ashandura purofesa assirologii J.-V. Sheila. Zvakazoonekwa kuti bumbiro Bhabhironi mambo Hammurabi, ine mashoko akakwana mitemo. Gare gare akaparadza zvinhu vakanga akapora pachishandiswa pamahwendefa evhu, kusanganisira raibhurari naAshurbanipal inowanikwa Ninivhi yekare.

MuBhabhironi 18 emakore asati aberekwa Kristu

Assembly anogona kunzi Hammurabi chakaderedzwa mutengo lawmaking mararamiro ekare. Zvakange akasikwa ichatonga zvine mbiri Umambo hweBhabhironi muna XVIII remakore BC. e. Zvakanga akakwana kuti nguva hurumende ine simba, zvishoma simba roumambo kunyange. Vaiona mushumiri mukuru mwari mambo mitemo, kuvimba vapristi, uye zviito zvake uyewo maitiro vamwe chero mugari weBhabhironi, nokudzorwa mutemo. Izvi zvinoratidza Code raHammurabi, vane nyaya vanozviitira kodzero uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari.

Hwaro upfumi kweBhabhironi rekare raiva zvokurima, uye basa mutongi ndiko kuongorora mamiriro kusango, kunyanya sezvo vakawanda nyika aiva mamiriro.

The dzakabudirira Hurongwa akabvumira vakuru vakuru zvinobudirira zvinetso zvikuru kunzwisisa kuti utungamiriri, uye vakamira mauto aitsigira kwete chete miganhu, asiwo womukati murayiro uye simba amambo.

Hammurabi - mukuru uye yokutungamirira

Vaiuya simba pane muduku raHammurabi akazvisiyanisa sechinhu chinoshamisa murongi uye mutungamiri uye Wenyika. Munguva yake-gore matatu kupfuura ushe, iye zvakanyatsorongwa zvinetso zvikuru zvitatu.

• Kusanganisa zvakasiyana uye anorwisana inoti Mesopotamia mukutonga kwake.
• Kukura kurima pahwaro hwakasimba kudiridza hurongwa.
• Pokugadzwa uye dzigadziridzwe chete mitemo, izvo mudzidziso muna Code raHammurabi.

uye vanofanira kubhadhara mutero mutongi kunoshamisa ichi: haana chete zvinobudirira kukurira basa, asi vakavawo ngaavongwe yakakurumbira bumbiro ravo.

The Code raHammurabi. General unhu

Kutonga nezvinooneka mitsetse orugwaro checuneiform, chinangwa chikuru pakati Code rokutanga - pakagadzwa kururamisira nokudenga. The chikuru rubatso pamusoro panobva maropafadzo ose uye akataura namambo.

The chikuru Chikamu bumbiro - ino yomurayiro rakatenderera kwavo, pane zvakawanda zana. Pasinei chikumbiro kuna vanamwari musumo, nyaya pachayo haina chokuita zvinoumba upenyu kuvanhu iyoyo zvechitendero, uye kurondedzera chete kune pamutemo zvinhu.

Pakapera gwaro iri mambo rinoronga mabasa ake kunyika uye vamwari vakagamuchirwa apo vachivhaira zvinoshungurudza uye anovakurudzira kurangwa vanamwari pamisoro mutemo-masaisai airovera panyika.

Feature Code Hammurabi anogona kupiwa somunhu pamutemo uye nhoroondo achitandadza maonero.

Mugumisiro zvemitemo basa Hammurabi

.. Apo gwaro repamutemo wamambo Code raHammurabi - mitemo wedare unhu vagari siyana minda: enyika, zvoupfumi, bhizimisi, mhuri nemhuri, etc. Ndizvo, Code nyaya dziri chokuita zvose mhosva uye kodzero dzevanhu, kunyange muBhabhironi rekare, mukati izvi pfungwa hariko.

Mitemo yakaiswa mitemo zviri zvikuru kwakavakirwa mutemo netsika, tsika dzekare uye yekare mutemo Sumerian. Asi Hammurabi Code uye akawedzera chiratidzo yake zviri pamutemo ukama.

chinyorwa Solid ecuneiform chinogona kuwanika pamusoro Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda, vatsvakurudzi rakakamurwa ndima kana zvinhu zvinogona dzikarongwa ne subject:

• nyaya pamusoro pfuma ukama: kodzero nhaka, zvoupfumi mitoro kuna mambo uye mamiriro;
• mutemo mhuri;
• nyaya chokuita mhosva zvigumbuso: umhondi, cheka, kuba.

Zvisinei, kutanga chaizvo "chitsauko" Code rinorondedzera matanho zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa nehanya pavazhe, uye mitemo inodzora unhu vatongi. Izvi zvakasiyana nevamwe mitemo Hammurabi yekare usingaperi.

pfuma kodzero

Articles chokuita munda uyu, nechinangwa kudzivirira kodzero, pamwe nharungano vaiva hurumende pfuma uye pfuma yamambo. The mutongi anewo chete kodzero dzokurasa yose munyika mamiriro, nharaunda uye rwakabhadharwa kuna Treasury kushandiswa munyika mutero.

Regulation munyika gavhuna kodzero, kusanganisira avo vakagamuchira pamusoro mabasa uye mashoko ari risi chepfuma iri Code anopiwa yakawanda achiteerera. Rinotsanangura mitemo kuti kushandisa kudiridzwa zvivako uye chirango kukuvadza kwavari. Code anopawo kuti chirango tinobatwa kutengeserana, kubatsira mutizi muranda, kukuvadza zvomumwe, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Code raHammurabi raiva zhinji kwazvo mberi kuti nguva nyaya. Somuenzaniso, panguva yayo, chikwereti uranda rairambidzwa makore matatu, zvisinei kukura chikwereti.

mutemo mhuri

ukama hwemhuri, sezvo Code akanga mudzimai ateteguru nevana vaisungirwa kuteerera tenzi weimba, maererano nomutemo mumwe murume aigona kuva vakadzi akawanda uye varanda kushandisa vana. Mudzimai wake nevana vakanga vari chokwadi pfuma yevanhu. Baba vaigona shaisa vanakomana nhaka.

Mukadzi, zvisinei, haana chaizvo saka simba. Kana murume vakamubata nehasha, pasina uchapupu kupomerwa hurumende, mukadzi aiva nekodzero kudzokera vabereki vavo, achitora roora. Aigona nesimba kwavo pfuma, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kuti kwema.

At muchato yaiva imwe prenuptial chibvumirano, izvo anenge kodzero wake, kusanganisira pfuma.

Kurangwa mhosva pamusoro upenyu uye utano vemunyika

Kurangwa nokuti mhosva mhosva inorondedzerwa Code, akasiyana utsinye - vakawanda chirango chaiva chirango rufu. Uye kazhinji nyaya mutemo mhosva vaivimba kwakapararira munguva dzekare, nheyo kutsiva, maererano kurohwa zvinofanira kuva yakafanana (rinoenderana) ari mhosva.

Izvi zvine musoro mumaonero hana yekare murume musimboti rinowanzoshandiswa kuiswa penga. Somuenzaniso, mune rimwe midziyo bumbiro panoti kana muvaki akavaka kusimba imba, uye somugumisiro pokuwa imba akauraya mwanakomana muridzi, zvakakodzera kuuraya mwana muvaki.

Dzimwe nguva koporo chirango inogona kutsiviwa yakaisvonaka, kunyanya kana asvika chinombovanetsa muranda.

Special vatongi vanhu Bhabhironi rekare havana kuziva, uye kugarwa pakati hukama pakati vagari uye vakatsunga marangirwo nokuda kwemhosva muzvirongwa yaiona vakuru uye vanhu vakakurumbira muguta. Chief Justice, vane kutongwa haana nharo, akanga sechinhu mambo pachake.

Mumazuva Hammurabi aivapo matare temberi, asi havazivi kuita basa rinokosha iri mberi uye chete akatora mhiko pamberi chifananidzo mwari mutemberi.

Hammurabi sezvo kare gwaro

The Code raHammurabi ibhuku rakasiyana kwaibva kudzidza nhoroondo kwete chete kodzero asiwo upenyu enyika, upenyu hwezuva nezuva uye zvinhu tsika vanhu vaigara muMesopotamia makore 2000 asati aberekwa Kristu.

A yakawanda nuances uye peculiarities upenyu muBhabhironi rekare pakuzivikanwa chete kuburikidza muunganidzwa ichi mitemo. Nokudaro, Code raHammurabi, vanyori venhau vanoziva kuti kuwedzera vakasununguka uye azere vanhuwo uye varanda pasina kodzero, ari kuBhabhironi muvanhu vakanga vachiri "mushkenum". Izvi pamwe disenfranchised murombo, kushumira mambo kana kuti mamiriro, akadai pakuvaka migero.

Agriculture mudzimba mutemo, zvokutengeserana uye zvoutano, dzidzo maitiro uye mhuri uye kuroorana - zvose kwakaratidzwa Code raHammurabi.