Socialist-Revolutionary Party mu Russia. Chimiro nehurumende SR bato

Munhu wose anoziva kuti somugumisiro yaOctober Revolution uye hondo yevagari kwakatevedzana, kuti Bolshevik Party kuti simba akauya Russia, iyo, panguva dzakasiyana vibrations waro mukuru mutsetse, utungamiriri akaramba rinenge kusvikira nguva disintegration of USSR (1991). Official Soviet historiography makore akafuridzira vanhu pfungwa kuti simba iri akanakidzwa kutsigira mukuru zvavo, apo vose mamwe masangano enyika nenzira imwe kana mumwe vakatsvaka ndiponesezve capitalism. Izvi hazvisi chokwadi. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Socialist-Revolutionary Party akanga asingabvumi kuchinja pachikuva, richienzaniswa nzvimbo Bolsheviks dzimwe nguva aiita dzorugare. Panguva iyo Social kuipandukira akatsoropodza "kurwisa rehondo proletariat", inotungamirwa Lenin nokuda usurpation simba uye kudzvinyirirwa hweruzhinji. Saka kworudzii bato raiva ichi?

One vose

Chokwadi, pashure unyanzvi mifananidzo yakawanda vakasikwa watenzi "mugovanisi muiti wechokwadi uri", mumwe kwakavanzika Kutarira pamberi pavanhu Soviet Socialist Revolutionary Party. SRs akarangarira apo nyaya yaiva pamusoro kuedza musi Lenin muna 1918, kupondwa Uritsky, ari Kronstadt kupandukira (kupandukira) uye mamwe mamiriro chokwadi vaKomonisiti. Zvaiita kuti vakanga "akadurura mumaoko" pakaunda-chimurenga, vakaedza dzipa kuti simba Soviet uye kuti panyama kubvisa Bolshevik vatungamiriri. Panguva iyoyowo zvimwe kukanganwa kuti sangano akatungamirira simba pevhu hondo ne "machinda youmambo" akapedza incredible mari kurwiswa nemagandanga mumakore maviri nokumukirana Russian, uye panguva Civil War hwakonzera matambudziko ari White kufamba. unoreva zvakawanda kwakadaro kwakatungamirira kuti chokwadi chokuti Socialist-Revolutionary Party akanga vaipikisa anenge ose anorwisana nemapato, kupinda navo kwenguva pfupi kubatana uye kugumisa tiite zvakafanana kuti vawane dzakazvimirira zvinangwa zvavo pachavo. Chii chaiva? Izvi hazvibviri kunzwisisa pasina kuverenga chirongwa bato.

Origins uye zvisikwa

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakusikwa Social Revolutionary Party kwakaitika muna 1902. Izvi mupfungwa zvechokwadi, asi kwete zvikuru. Muna 1894 Saratov vanhu Freedom Society (clandestine Chokwadi) kwakasimbiswa pachake chirongwa chayo, icho rine zvishoma okunyanyisa kupfuura kare. vakwegura vaviri akaenda kugadzirwa purogiramu, vanotumira nayo panze, kubudiswa, kudhinda mapepa, achivanunura kuRussia uye dzimwe manipulations chokuita chidzoke mune zvematongerwo enyika rakaitwa idzva simba. Ipapo duku denderedzwa pakutanga takananga munhu Argun, uyo zita izvozvo, rinonzi "Union Socialist kuipandukira." chiyero rokutanga raiva kusikwa mapazi matsva bato uye kugadzwa mudanga ukama navo, zvinoita zvikuru nomusoro. Offices dzakatangwa mumaguta makuru hwacho - Kharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza uye, chokwadi, iri guta guru, St. Petersburg. Korona muitiro rokuvaka bato akazviratidza nenyere. Pepanhau "Revolutionary Russia" chirongwa yakabudiswa. Gwaro iri akazivisa kuti pakusikwa Social Revolutionary Party aiva fait accompli. Maiva muna 1902.

zvinangwa

Chero political simba mabasa, rinotungamirirwa chirongwa. Gwaro iri, nevamwe vazhinji dzakavamba reCongress, akazivisa zvinangwa uye nzira, nevatsigiri uye vavengi, chikuru kutyaira mauto uye zvipingamupinyi zvinofanira kukurirwa. Uyewo, yakati utariri nhungamiro, Dare miviri uye mamiriro ezvinhu nhengo. SRs mubato mabasa akagadzira mune zvinotevera nzira:

1. The pokugadzwa muRussia yakasununguka uye democratic hurumende ine batana maitiro.

2. Kupa vagari vose suffrage zvakaenzana.

3. Declaration uye kodzero uye rusununguko nehana, rwokubudisa mashoko, rwokutaura, kushamwaridzana, neshamwari uye zvichingodaro.

4. Kodzero vakasununguka dzidzo.

5. Abolition dzemauto sezvo zvachose mamiriro mamiriro.

6. maawa masere zuva.

7. Kuparadzana chechi uye mamiriro.

Paiva zvishoma pfungwa, asi kwose zvinonyanya akadzokorora masirogani pakati Mensheviks, iyo Bolsheviks nemamwe masangano aida kubvuta simba sezvo SRs. chirongwa bato yakazivisa tsika uye zvinangwa.

Generality mamiriro richiratidzwa vakuru vakuru inorondedzerwa bumbiro. Chehurumende Socialist Revolutionary bato raiva maviri siyana. Congresses uye Councils (mu mezhsezdovsky nguva) kusarudza inokosha kuti dzaigadzirwa Central Committee, varikutonga muviri.

Kuipandukira uye agrarian mubvunzo

Pakupera ari XIX remakore, Russia aiva nyika vakawanda zvokurimwa, apo vanhuwo zvavo vanoumba ruzhinji vemo. The kirasi kuti Bolsheviks zvikurukuru, uye magariro democrats kazhinji vaiona shure enyika pachena private-muridzi zvaisazogona, uye akapora kubva varombo chikamu chete basa pedyo yakabatana ari proletariat, kuti locomotive vechimurenga. Dzakasiyana maonero pamusoro nyaya iri SRs. chirongwa bato raisanganisira socialization wenyika. Muchiitiko chino, hazvina pamusoro nationalization, kureva yezwi pachena muridzi, asi kwete kuparadzira vashandi vayo. Kazhinji, maererano Socialist-kuipandukira, kuti gutsaruzhinji wechokwadi akanga asina kuuya kubva pamusha, uye vakutarisire. Naizvozvo, pachake okurima zvinhu zvinofanira kubvisa kutengeswa uye kuti kurambidza kuchinjwa yavo hurumende dzeko, izvo zvichaita kuparadzira zvose "zvakanaka" maererano vatengi zvinodiwa. All pamwe chete, rainzi "socialization" nyika.

Farmers

Zvinofadza kuti nokuzivisa musha zvitubu gutsaruzhinji, bato vaiva Social kuipandukira kubudikidza vagari vayo nokungwarira yakakwana. Vanhuwo zvavo vasina kumbogara kusiyaniswa enyika kuverenga chaiyo. Chii kutarisira nayo vatungamiriri izvi uye chinzvimbo uye faira nhengo dzesangano vasingazivi vomumusha upenyu hwakanga mutorwa kwavari. Socialist-kuipandukira "mweya anorwara" vaidzvinyirirwa vanhu, uye, sezvo iri kazhinji vaidavira kuti azive kuti afare, kupfuura iye. yavanopedza vari matare kuti vavapo panguva Yokutanga Russian Revolution, akasimbisa simba nevasina vanhuwo zvavo uye nokushanda zvakatipoteredza. Kana ari proletariat, uye ipapo yaiva mafungiro akaoma. Kazhinji, mukanyiwa vashandi kuonekwa amorphous, uye vanofanira kuita nesimba zvikuru kuibatanidza.

kutya

Socialist-Revolutionary Party mu Russia awana kukurumbira pagore kwayo pakagadzwa. Minister of Interior Sipiagin akapfurwa Stepan Balmashev uye akarongeka kupondwa G. Girshuni, uyo akatungamirira uto Bapiro sangano. Paivawo kwemagandanga zhinji (kupfuura yakakurumbira vavo vanoonekwa udavshiesya kuedza musi S. A. Romanova, babamunini Nicholas II uye gurukota Plehve). Pashure pokuchinja, veboka Left SRs vakaramba damning mazita ayo vanodzvinyirirwa vaiva vatungamiriri vazhinji Bolsheviks, uyo paiva Misiyano. Kugona kuronga mumwe ugandanga uye zvaisarudza pamusoro nomumwe vavengi pamwe AKP kugona kukwikwidzana munhu rebato. SRs chaizvoizvo zvachose musoro Petrograd Cheka Uritsky. With Panyaya chigaro akenda Michelson fekitari, nyaya iri kujeka, asi vakatonga zvachose kubatanidzwa kwavo hazvigoneki. Zvisinei, kutambudzwa vakawanda chinotyisa pamberi Bolsheviks vaiva kure kure. Zvisinei, zvichida, kana vakasvika simba ...

Azef

A kunozivikanwa unhu. Yevno Azef akatungamirira ngwizhingwi sangano uye yave pachena vaudzewo, collaborated pamwe mutikitivha dhipatimendi yeRussian Empire. Uye Chikurukuru - mune zvose izvi, saka siyana mune zvinangwa uye zvinangwa, zvivako, vakafara chaizvo. Azef hwakaronga nhevedzano kurwiswa nemagandanga vamiririri woumambo kutarisira asi muchivande basa mumaoko akawandisa nemauto. kunge muna 1908 chete akafumura SRs ake. Iyo bato vachatambura ayo pamisara mutengesi yakadaro? The Central Committee akanunura mutongo waro - rufu. Azef ndapinda pane mumaoko ake ekare mamwe masoja, asi akakwanisa kunyengedza navo uye kumhanya. Akazviita sei hazvisi pachena zvachose, asi chokwadi chinoramba kuti kusvikira 1918 akararama uye haana kufa kubva muchetura, rinoenda kundorangwa kana bara, uye chirwere cheitsvo, izvo "chichiwanikwa" ari Berlin mujeri.

Savinkov

Social Revolutionary Party akakwezva adventurers zhinji mumweya, aitsvaga pfungwa kushanda mhosva Talanov kunyatsogona dzavo. Mumwe wavo aiva Boris Savinkov, uyo akatanga basa rake enyika ave worupo, uye ipapo vakabatanawo magandanga. Veboka Social kuipandukira kwakauya gore pashure kwayo pakusikwa, ndiye wokutanga Mutevedzeri Azefs, vaiitawo mukugadzirwa kurwiswa zhinji nemagandanga, kusanganisira vakawanda resonant, andotongerwa rufu, vakatiza. Mushure October Revolution vakarwa Bolshevism. Vaizviti simba guru kuRussia, ndakashanda Denikin, aiziva Churchill uye Pilsudski. Savinkov vakazviuraya mushure kusungwa kwake neKGB muna 1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni aiva mumwe kupfuura nhengo uto Bapiro Socialist Revolutionary Party. Akatungamirira mabasa ose nemagandanga mabasa pamusoro Gurukota Sipiagin, kuedza kuuraya mubati Harkova Obolenskogo uye nezvimwe zviito zhinji akagadzirirwa kuita nokubudirira munyika. Akashanda kwese - kubva Ufa uye Samara kuGeneva - kuita basa kwesangano uye Kufambisa yemo pevhu yeChina. Muna 1900, akasungwa, asi Gershuni akakwanisa kunzvenga marangirwo, sezvo iye pakakuvara vebato tsika, vachinyanya akaramba chero kubatanidzwa mune clandestine marongerwo. Asi kwaiva kutadza, uye vakatevera mutongo muna 1904 muKiev: kubatana. Tiza akatungamirira Gregory A. aigara Paris, apo iye nokukurumidza akafa. Raiva Artist chinotyisa kwechokwadi. The chikuru mwoyo youpenyu hwake aiva kusavimbika Azefs.

Party muna Civil War

Obolshevichivanie vokuSoviet akasima, maererano Socialist-kuipandukira, artificially, uye conductive kuvimbika nzira kwakakonzera kuti kushaya kuti bato ravo vamiririri. Uyezve zvinhu zvakanga nguva dziri kure. The SRs akapinda pfupi kubatana chena, tsvuku, uye mativi kunzwisisa kuti pamwe zviri zvinosiyana chete kwenguva pfupi enyika zvido. Ndawana vazhinji vari pakati Constituent Assembly, bato akatadza kundotora kubudirira. Muna 1919, ivo Bolsheviks, tichifunga kukosha zvakaitika sangano kwemagandanga, asarudza kuti vachanyoresa mabasa ayo aiva munharaunda pasi pavo, asi danho iri hachina kugona kusimba Anti-Soviet. Zvisinei, SRs nguva yakazivisa imwe moratorium pamusoro chokupika, kutsigira mumwe achirwa vemapato. Muna 1922, nhengo AKP zvachose "pachena" vavengi pokuchinja, uye vakatanga dzavo yokupedza zvakakwana nharaunda yose Soviet Russia.

In nhapwa

The wokumwe nhume AKP yakabuda kare chaiko kukundwa bato muna 1918. mamiriro ichi haina mvumo ne Central Committee, asi, zvakadaro, akavapo mu Stockholm. Mushure of facto kurambidzwa mu Russia vakatapwa yaive vose vapona uye nhengo vasara bato takawanda. Ivo dzichiitika kunyanya muPrague, Berlin uye Paris. Iye akananga basa masero vatorwa, Victor Chernov, uyo akatiza kwose 1920. Kuwedzera "Revolutionary Russia", rakabudiswa nhapwa uye dzimwe periodicals ( "Nokuti vanhu!", "Modern Notes"), izvo zvinoratidza pfungwa huru yokuti yakabata aimbova pasi pevhu ichangobva vakarwa Vadzvinyiriri. By pamugumo 30s, vakaziva kudiwa kudzorerwa capitalism.

End of Socialist-Revolutionary Party

The kurwisana pamwe KGB vapenyu SRs yakava nyaya dzakawanda mifananidzo enganonyorwa uye mafirimu. Kazhinji, muenzaniso zvigadzirwa izvi anoenderana chokwadi, kunyange zvokudya akavhiringika. Kutaura zvazviri, SR kufamba nenzira pakati 20-ies aiva chitunha enyika, zvachose sezvisingakuvadzi kune Bolsheviks. Inside Soviet Russia SRs (vaimbova) tsitsi kubatwa, uye dzimwe nguva zvemagariro echimurenga maonero kunyange kunoitwa vanhu, haana kuvatendera kugoverana. The kubudirira kwomudzimu kuchitsausa zvikurukuru tichivenga nhengo Party muSoviet Union vakanga chinangwa kudzidza zvaisarudza zvikuru ramangwana kudare sezvo imwezve nokufumura pevhu masangano Anti-Soviet. Panzvimbo SRs dhoku nokukurumidza akatora Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites nevamwe vaimbova Bolsheviks, akava pakarepo pakuti. Asi kuti ndiyo imwe nyaya ...