Inotungamirwa, Nyaya
Schlieffen ronga zvishoma. Chii chaiva Schlieffen Plan? Schlieffen Plan - ichi ...
Pakupera ari XIX remakore rehondo dzidziso kwave kuchiita chiyero chakakomba uye panguva imwe chete akapiwa kurudziro simba kukura. The chidzoke pakubhadhara matsva revarwi, kukurukurirana, kuvakwa warrior zvikepe simba, vakabata guru-caliber atirari, ndege, uye airships akaita vemauto munyika dzakawanda kufunga chii chichava hondo remangwana. Yakanga, muna 1891, rweAustro-Hungary General Staff akatanga kushanda kuburikidza famed Schlieffen Plan. Ichi rakavapo German chiuto, zvino, makumi maviri mushure kunonyadzisa kukundwa, zvakare loomed wakaita mweya, ine chitsva nechisimba mutemo dzidziso uye unhu. Chidzidzo ramangwana haana kuenda.
History haagoni kukanganwika, iye achakuyeuchidzai bhowa vadzidzi pari. Pepa Ndichasimuka kurukurei Schlieffen Plan, sezvo huri muchimiro zvaizotora nzvimbo rakawandisa, uye mashoko ari iyi hakusi kukosha kudaro. Chinhu chinokosha chete ndiko zvayo chaizvo uye mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kuti yakatungamirira Count, Mukuru Staff, kuyeuka Napoleon.
Ngano iri Nibelungs
Pane ngano pamusoro "German velha," vane zvakajeka uye utsinye, rakanyatsorongwa uye inobva zvetsika Teutonic chirango. Rokusika mufananidzo uyu, Chokwadi, ruoko tsika, chidimbu firimu, uyo akapfura mafirimu akawanda umo mbiru huru "simbi Caputo" zvisingadzivisiki zvinokambaira mberi panguva inotyisa mumhanzi, uye masoja nyanga nengowani yakafanorongwa, kurova guruva. Kana, zvisinei, ane pfungwa yakazaruka funga chokwadi, zvinova pachena kuti kusvikira namapfumbamwe remakore uto reGermany zvimwe haana kukwanisa kufukidza achizvicheka laurels kubwinya remauto kana chete nekuti sorudzi Germany ariko, kuburikidza nezvakaitika kare mitemo, refu kwazvo, uye zvaitwa vatongi munhu enyika uyewo kwakaitika Kazhinji. Pakupera ari XIX remakore, vamwe mberi kwave (pamusoro pavo papera), asi kutaura nezvevamwe chete Aryan militancy kunogona chete kuva pasi pfungwa kubva Wagner kwakaita operas Nibelungs pamusoro uye Valkyries.
Kana remakore rechimakumi maviri, ipapo zvirokwazvo vokuGermany kwakapfuura. Vaitanga yakazara muhondo mbiri dzenyika, uye vaviri akatambura unorema kukundwa. Pane tsanangudzo dzakawanda. Supporters technocratic uye tsika maonero nhoroondo vanoti chikonzero ndiye munyama pamusoro German dhefisiti zvinhu uye nevanhu zvinhu. Fans kwounyanzvi anongedze vanoshorwa nzvimbo senyeredzi dzokudenga. Paivawo dzidziso pamusoro yose rangano vakachenjera, simba asi nyengedzeka vokuGermany. Realists kuona chikonzero pokuwa "velha German" mose dzenyika iri kuti pakupedzisira, atadza akakundwa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, funga kuedza kuumba kwakajeka hurongwa kukunda dzakavakidzana inonakidza zvikuru. Vanofanira fananei kuti zvaMambo isingaperi inofamba, kana kutsvaka muzivi kuti ibwe. Zvino zviri pachena kuti izvi hazvisi kugadzirisa dambudziko, asi rinomutsa kuziva, uye kunyange kusvika pamwero vanoremekedzwa unyanzvi kunoita pfungwa dzevanhu panguva pfungwa kwacho. Saka, chii chatinoziva pamusoro Schlieffen Plan?
Zvikonzero tariro uye netariro
Kubva nyore kuziva theorists hadzishandi nzira. It kwete mukana yakazokudziridzwa uye Schlieffen Plan. basa iri nemauto-yokungotaura sayenzi yave kwakauraya utungamiriri umambo maviri.
Hasha kufara muchiuto German mukupera XIX remakore kwakakonzerwa zviviri. Chekutanga, rweAustro-Hungary vasina misha, ndiko kunoodza mwoyo kwazvo nokuti mutongo vepamusoro umambo. Mhiri kwemakungwa fuma vaiva France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Denmark uye kunyange zviduku, vaiita chisingakuvadzi Belgium, tisingatauri "vahosi yamakungwa," muUK (iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva kupfuura nyika munyika, kure kupfuura Russian Empire ). Pfungwa hwourombo, anonziwo dzimwe nguva negodo, wakarwadzisa Wilhelm II Hohenzollern. Asi izvozvo handizvo zvoga, uye raiva sei wechipiri. Nokuda Germany Army akanga mbiri kukunda pfupi ichangopfuura, izvo conditionally aigona kunzi penya. Muna 1866, ivo mapete achitungamirirwa of Moltke Mukuru (mukuru Moltke) akakunda hweAustria-Hungary. Victoria akanga yakahwina uye pamusoro France (1870-1871). Kunyange mambo Napoleon III ndokubatwa musungwa (Sedan), uye pamwe pacho, 549 pfuti nemasoja 104,000. Izvi anofuridzira kungwaririra tariro yeramangwana akunde. Kana kamwe akatendeuka akabuda, kuti anogona kukanganisa kubudirira uye kukudziridza mberi? Ko kuti kushaya zano rakanaka muchiuto. Chokwadi, vanoda chaizvo kuti ndiwedzere muchiuto uye uto midziyo, asi chinonyanya kukosha - a dzidziso. Wokutanga mbiru vachifora pano, wechipiri - ipapo nezvimwewo ...
kuoma
Zvisinei, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu asina kufuridzirwa netariro. It ndokukweverwazve kumusoro nhoroondo dzavo Schlieffen Plan. Ndiwo, pakutanga, tinofanira kurwa pamusoro fronts maviri. Uye Von Bismarck uye Marshal of Moltke aidavira kuti iyi nyaya akoromoke hakudzivisiki. Nyaya iripo ndeyokuti kare munguva nguva akatsanangura kubudirira hondo kunonyanya novimba upfumi hwaro. Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoreva kuunganidza mukana, kusanganisira vanhu, maindasitiri uye pakugadzira zvinhu. Asi panyaya iyi, kana Austria-Hungary kana kuti German Reich chaiwo zvakawanda vasingagoni kuzvirumbidza. Chaizvoizvo, nokuda anokunda zviwanikwa, uye vaitorwa kuti Schlieffen Plan. Izvi zvaireva kuti kurwa unofanira nokukurumidza uye achikunda.
Russian Empire uye France: The huru zvinogona muvengi nyika mbiri dzakanga ataurwa. Imwe - kuMadokero, imwe - kuMabvazuva. Panyaya iyi, muganhu pamwe kurutivi French Zvakanaka zvakabatanidzwa yose kureba.
Teutonic minimini
Schlieffen Plan akadana mufambiro hondo fronts maviri, pasinei kuomerera vanorumbidza ose Bismarck. The kuchengetedza ndiye: izvozvo zvinofanira kuva kwenguva pfupi. Achitaura zvakananga, somugumisiro kuzvishandisa zviito Triple Alliance nderimwe huru vavengi kuti vakakundwa pfupi uye ipapo vanofanira ufambe nenzira dzose kune wechipiri, izvo zvinogona asisiri kukurumidza Zvisinei, uye haufaniri kuzopedza. The chipfuro rokuparadzwa Schlieffen Plan yokutanga inonzi France. Sezvambotaurwa, kwakasimbisa muganhu waiva simba chaizvo, uye Kurwisa asingadi kushanda kunze. Zvisinei, sezvo vakakundikana kuwana rombo rakanaka muna West, Austria-Hungary uye Germany vari anosimbiswa kuwira mumusungo kuramba tichishanda kurwisana, zvisingagone kubvumirwa, nekuti ichi ndicho nzira kukunda. Zvaiita pasina mhinduro. Chikurukuru, chii chaiva Schlieffen Plan, - chinetso kunzwisisa nyore nzira. It akashandisawo Hitler muna 1939.
Speed, kurwisa uye kunyengera
Belgium aiva kwazvakarerekera nyika, kuchengeteka raro nebumbiro Britain, Russia, France, Austria-Hungary uye, sezvineiwo, vakawanda Prussia (zvino Germany). Ndizvo zvazvakaitawo Luxembourg. Kutungamirira mauto kuburikidza vaviri kwazvakarerekera nyika kundodana Schlieffen Plan. Zviri unonyengera kutyora dzakawanda chibvumirano muna 1839 havana hanya munyori pfungwa. Aiziva kuti pakarepo pashure kupambwa Belgium muhondo vaizongoguma kupinda Britain, asi mukuru padanda iri pakarepo. Matambudziko anofanira kukurumidza uye mwoyo - kana ichi muParis. Shure kwaizvozvo, kuti kumhara vokuBritain mauto inova matambudziko, uto French clamped workaround uye kuendeswa zvakatipoteredza, uye kusvikira Russian pachena, saka bedzi kubata ... A zvishoma, uye zvose simba hweAustria-Hungary, akarova navo uye haazomiri. Iri raiva musimboti wenyika Schlieffen Plan: Kurumidza, nokuti mazuva 40-50 achapedzisa pamwe France, Britain vasundire kure kubva kumhenderekedzo uye kutendeukira kuna Russia. Kutorwa yayo yose haisi zvakakodzera - zvinondiremera refu uye zvinodhura, uye zvirokwazvo kuti chinhu (zvaifungwa) - asi vamwe nharaunda Western, kunyanya kwePoland uye kuBaltic States, rinogonawo kutora.
Akanga kurwisa
Schlieffen Plan akadana paacharwa hasha hondo nyika nhatu, kwazvo zvinhu uye simba uto racho Triple Alliance. Britain akambomisa kupfuura simba munyika yose Navy, pakati Germany akatadza kusika. Mugore Russian Empire yava hondo huru, iyo kuzodzosera zvakatanga, yakanaka chikafu chawo (kadhi rokugoverwa havana kuziviswa kunyange kana kusvitsa vanhu vakasara dzairwisana States) uye mupomerwi indasitiri, aigona kubudisa chero mhando chombo. France ari kugadzirira hondo. Schlieffen Plan akadana nokukurumidza kurwadziswa dukusa kubatana munyika yemitambo hondo. Marine Standoff pamwe Britain akaonekwa chete chiitiko hondo, kwete kukosha, uye mauto Russian, maererano naye, wakange chete kuramba mutsetse Galicia - kumaodzanyemba kwePoland.
Pierian chitubu
General Alfred Von Schlieffen, uyo akatungamirira German General Staff, haana nzira chete, asiwo wenhoroondo rechiuto. Waaidisisa Chiitiko kubva pauduku hwake aitenda Cannes hondo (216 BC), panguva iyo Hannibal akakunda mauto eRoma, akafukidza noushingi rinoshamisa zvavo pachiuno iri mhete kaviri. At paro, dziri Schlieffen Plan muchidimbu akadzokorora nzira iyi, nokusika asymmetrical kufamba wehondo kubva kwokuparadza dzakawanda French mauto kubva zvinokonzera romugove, avo blockade uye strangulation.
Uyezve, takaendeswa sezvo mienzaniso remapazi kunze pakutanga Bonaparte XIX remakore. unyanzvi ava zvikuru zvakakodzera munguva chiito iri European yemitambo remapazi, inozivikanwa zviduku marefu uye rizere richikurukura njanji maererano varidzi nzira dzinokosha danho. Pakupedzisira, Schlieffen Plan rakagamuchirwa kuti chiito murayiro mauto akabatana Austria-Hungary, Italy uye Germany, kunyange navamwe okunatsiridza. Chokwadi chokuti munyori yaita haafarirwi. Akanga akabviswa ake post, uye pachinzvimbo kutungamirira Big General Staff vakagadzwa Colonel-General Moltke. Anogona vakaita basa zita rake rikurumbire.
Mupiro General Moltke
Hazvizivikanwi kuti zvinobudirira rakavapo kuti inokosha kushanda panyaya kana Schlieffen urongwa kumbochinja. Sezvo pakutanga zvakagadzirirwa, chikuru simba iri mari wehondo nomwe vakamhanyira Paris, apo kurwisa Russia yakanga hwakaratidza chete chete. Panguva iyo murayiro aiziva nokurasikirwa mukana (nguva) of nharaunda yeAlsace, Lorraine uye Eastern Prussia. Izvi "gambit" Imi awane nguva inodiwa kupedza kukundwa kweFrance. Zvisinei Moltke vaiona kufuta kanomwe West mberi kunyanyisa uye kwakaderedza nhamba wehondo payo matatu. Uyezve, iye akasimbisa rokumabvazuva mirayiridzo (zvakare, nokuda mauto aiming pana Paris). Schlieffen Plan rakagamuchirwa nokuchinja kwakadaro kuti zano yepakutanga akatosvika hapana chakasara. Kutarisira ndechokuti rails anogona kushanda kutamira wokuRussia mberi hombe negurumwandira mauto, waivawo kururama. Pakupedzisira, pakanga chii saka kutya Schlieffen aiva. Blitzkrieg akatadza, ari Austrians vari Musanyura pasi mugoronga muhondo. Zvingadai chete inopera kukundwa.
It akatedza papepa ...
In kururamisira zvinofanira kudzoswa kuti hapana zano uto munhau munhu haana vakakwanisa zvakazara kuziva. Zvikonzero vagara kuwana zvikonzero, zvakare, uye vakanga chinangwa avo ruzhinji. Zvadaro raparadza pakarepo chando, nekusiyana, dambwadambwa uye tsvina. Nokutarira kuti uto Russian aizova simba anokumhan'arira, zveufende uye benzi, aiva kururama. Pasinei chokwadi kuti makumi masere kuzviuru muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano zvakasimbisa kuzvidzivirira zvinzvimbo Austrians kurwisa vakanga vasingakwanisi kumisa, nayo yakatanga nokukurumidza uye akaita hanya kuti Berlin achawa nokukurumidza pane kukwanisa kukunda France. 1st hondo Russian muguta wokuGermany Gumbinnen vakakunda German mauto VIІІ. Kukundikana Schlieffen Plan akanga kuva pachena.
Alfred Von Schlieffen kutambura
Munyori exhaustively akapendwa unhu mumwe reuto, ayo rwokufamba muronga zviito. Schlieffen Plan muHondo Yenyika I - zvichida ndiye muenzaniso kupfuura unoshamisa pakati kunyatsodzidza zvose zvinobvira mashoko, ichazombova iyo panguva yakanga isiri. Basa iri raiva makore mashoma, uye count akapiwa chehunyaunyau ari anozviramba wechokwadi kana the maniac. Dzimwe nguva akaita somunhu anopenga, chero chakanaka nzvimbo ezvinhu kuona chete tactical rinoshamisa uye achiziva murwizi kana dziva semvura ngozi, vaiva kuyambuka. Schlieffen haana kurarama kusvikira hondo, asi pfungwa dzake nguva dzose. Maererano nyaya vanhu pedyo naye, ava kufa muna 1912, akakumbira kuregeredza mauto kurudyi parutivi. Zviripachena vakauya vomutsiva Moltke haana kunyatsonzwisisa zvakataurwa chaiva Schlieffen Plan, sezvo inogona kuva nengozi sezvo chero kuchinja akaiitirawo. Zvisinei, hapana uchapupu hwokuti gwaro rakagadzirirwa zvakakwana. It angave kutadza, uye gadziriro.
On ngozi neunyengedzi
Schlieffen aiva murume wehondo mune zvematongerwo enyika vaiziva zvishoma. Somunhu technocrat wechokwadi, iye achifara vakakwidza mabasa akasiyana, vane zvishoma hanya "nemishonga" nemigumisiro. Belgium akabatwa inokosha nokurovererwa, akava chiratidzo sehasha of Triple Alliance, uye chaizvoizvo aiva chiitiko ari blockade Austria-Hungary uye Germany. kupinda British kuhondo zvakare vasanyanya zvikuru nheyo chinokosha-nemataundi kunyika wedzerai zvoupfumi, uye Royal Navy akaita zvose kudzivisa urongwa mugungwa kukurukurirana. Large uye mupfungwa zvazvinoita kuti akanga ari kuziva enyika German Schlieffen Plan.
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