Kutanga mazuvaano muRussia muzana remakore rechi20 uye mamiriro ayo

Kamwe muna Russia serfdom yakaguma, pane prerequisites zvose nokuda mazuvaano uye nokukurumidza zvoupfumi kukura. Pakapera XIX - mangwanani XX remakore munyika paiva kwemaindasitiri. Akaisa Russia iri ndima chete zvemberi upfumi hwenyika (England, USA, France uye Germany).

Kugadzirwa njanji

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zviratidzi upfumi chiitiko hurumende panguva iyoyo yaiva kugadzira njanji. The upgrading pamusoro Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20, riri pakuonekwa iripo zvifambiso Network.

Wokutanga njanji mutsetse akazviratidza munyika ichiri pasi Nicholas I (kubva kuMoscow St. Petersburg). Mukutanga XX remakore simbi mugwagwa - a sokuronga chinokosha chinogona. A zvakanaka dzakabudirira Network akaita chigaro chinotakurwa Goods nokuda rakakura nyika iri isingadhuri zvikuru uye yakawanda.

Kutanga mazuvaano muRussia muzana remakore rechi20 akasiya anenge 3 zviuru zvemakiromita njanji. No nyika iri pomumbure wenyika haana kudaro yakakura. Uwandu nhumbi vakatakurwa mashomanana emakore pashure yaitonga rokutonga Alexander II yakawedzera 4 nguva.

Chii chaizvo akapa ndichibvunza kuvakwa njanji? It Akavhura kuti bhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana kumisika itsva mukati Russia. In dzakawanda dzematunhu uye matsi neyenyika vaiva vazhinji zvinhu vakamirira tenzi wake. Kuvaka fekitari kubva mutsime kunyatsobudirira chokufambisa kwezvivako tisingakwanisi chero muzvinabhizimisi. Kana anoita hurumende kuti kambani chinopukunyuka pamusoro hombe dzinopiwa, uye saka ishande kuungudza.

With veMubatanidzwa munjanji iri pakutanga mazuvaano yeRussia muzana remakore rechi20 nayo awana nokukurumidza kumhanya. Economic turnover pakati penyika, rovigira zvikuru, uye Entrepreneurship - ubiquitous. It catapulted kupfuura yakasiyana zvikamu vokuparidzira - kubva vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata akadzidza kuti anoshanda nesimba varimi avo vakasiya munharaunda.

Trans-Siberian Railway

Muna 1891 nayo yakatanga pavanogadzira panguva chirongwa kuRussia. Yakanga kuvakwa Great Siberian nzira, kana Trans-Siberian Railway. Chakarebesa njanji munyika chaiva kubatanidza yokunyanyisa kumabvazuva kunyika pamwe nechepakati enyika. Panguva mhemberero nedzokuisa rokutanga chikamu aiva mugari wenhaka pachigaro Nikolay Aleksandrovich, uyo pachake scored yokutanga bhara munyika. Makore gumi gare gare, nzira akafumbira, uye munguva pfupi vakaenda chokudzidzisa. Kokutanga vanhu vaigona kutungamirira kana vanotakura kuenda Atlantic mahombekombe Europe kusvika Pacific Rim Russia. Paavhareji, mugore 642 akavaka maira itsva nzira.

Nokuuya pamusoro Trans Russian zvoupfumi mazuvaano mukuvamba remakore rechi20, yava azviwanira kumativi itsva. Zvino vagere munyika vaiva nzira dzose kuti kukura yakakura kweSiberia. Stolypin agrarian kuchinja kwakaita varimi kugara pamusoro kunyika itsva uye kugamuchira mutero musisiri rokusika pachako upfumi kwenyu. The njanji zvakare kwakadzikira nzira kubva Europe kusvika East Far enyika.

Economic ukama pakati kumatunhu

Zvinoumba mazuvaano reRussia mukutanga remakore rechi20, akarara pakuti vane chidzoke ane simba uye akatsiga dzaishandiswa ukama pakati kumatunhu kure nezvinhu zvitsva simba vakatanga kuva indasitiri. Kunyange oga achiisa Trans waida rakakura pfuma, kugadzirwa uko vaiita private bhizimisi. Ndivo: simbi, njanji sleepers kukohwa, huni kubudiswa, kemikari maindasitiri, nokusika huni chiutsi locomotives (marasha migodhi, mafuta achinatsa), etc. Start kuti mazuvaano muRussia muzana remakore rechi20 yakanga yakasiyana uye kushaya ehurumende nevhu rakawandisa mu sectors dzakawanda upfumi kuti kuende tarenda .. varongi, toga vatengesi.

Kuvaka mabhiriji itsva, uyewo kugadzirwa mota uye chiutsi injini wakakurumidza kakawanda. Somugumisiro, kutanga mazuvaano muRussia muzana remakore rechi20 akapa nyika yechipiri-wakarebesa njanji samambure munyika (seri US chete).

yakakurumbira njanji

Railroads akakwezva Entrepreneurs kwete chete, asiwo unyanzvi vakuru vehurumende. Somuenzaniso, gurukota Railways muna 1895-1905 gg. akanga Mihail Ivanovich Hilkov, uyo aibva worudzii Rurik. Porusvingo ake basa, iye kubudirira nemhaka nesimba guru. gurukota Future aiva fayameni wokutanga muUnited States, mumwe makanika muna UK, uye ipapo akasimbisa munyika yake somunhu anogona mutariri. Uyezve, pamwe munjanji akanga akasungwa basa Sergeya Vitte - imwe yakakurumbira kwokufananidzira yaitonga.

sectors hwenyika

Zvimwe zviri mazuvaano yeRussia mukutanga remakore rechi20 raisanganisira redistribution mumusika. Vose maindasitiri kugadzirwa munyika yakakamurwa sectors akawanda. Huru chinokwana vaiva Whitehead Textile (26%), zvokudya (24%) uye gornozavodskogo (21%) indasitiri.

Munyika, paiva itsva nharaunda kwoupfumi kwavo pachavo akasiyana kugadzirwa. Zvikurukuru unoshamisa kukura akazviratidza kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Unobereka mafuta, simbi mhangura, marasha, uye vainyungudutsa simbi. Social mazuvaano mu Russia yakanga nechokuita kumboitika chimiro zvinomera. Shirilsya proletarian kirasi. Kubva 1894 kusvika 1905, nyika chete metallurgia munda akazviratidza mabhizimisi matsva anopfuura 440 uye mabhizimisi.

Achiri muzinda shipbuilding St. Petersburg, apo shipyards dzakavakwa zvikepe makirasi matsva. In rwezasi, basa chikuru chengarava yakatamira Nikolaev. Zvinonzi zvakare vanoshingaira kuvaka uye yabvuma kuti ngarava ano ushande.

zvoupfumi kukura

Zvinoumba mazuvaano muRussia is mhanyisa kumhanya kukura, izvo zvaizoita shanje chero upfumi munyika. Nokuti paakati ichi, nyika akawana pachayo iri boka vatungamiri (pamwe US, Japan uye Sweden). Goldmine yakava ichangobva zvoupenyu mafuta, iro Russia ainyatsoziva mutungamiriri nyika nemhaka kuwanika uye kukura hombe deposits ose Baku.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo upfumi wechipfuwo kugadzirwa inogarwa nzvimbo stably 4th kana 5th (simbi mhangura, simbi uye vakakanda simbi, engineering, kugadzirwa shuga uye zvakafanana. D.).

All-Russian Industrial Exhibition

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 zviri Nizhny Novgorod akavhura All-Russian Industrial Exhibition (nomuenzaniso nezviitiko vanozivikanwa European). Rakanga pano kuti Russian indasitiri akabata kuratidzwa kubudirira kwayo. Chiitiko yazova raikosha kwenguva refu nguva yokugadzirira nayo. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti zvikuru zviri kuratidza muna Nizhny Novgorod kwakatangwa wokutanga yemagetsi chitima mu Nokuwanda kwakaita yose Russia.

Chiitiko chacho chakanga mari Mambo Nicholas II. Pakati varongi vari kuratidza vaiva akabudirira zvikuru Entrepreneurs nguva: .. Savva Morozov, Savva Mamontov, etc. Pane zvakaratidzwa Kubudirira uye kuronga vavariro itsva modernizing Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20.

In Nizhny Novgorod, zvakagadzirwa kunge kuenzanisirwa. Somuenzaniso, vashanyi kutanga akaona hyperboloid shongwe-goko Shukhov Rotunda, redhiyo Popov, uyewo motokari wokutanga mumhuri kugadzirwa (motokari Frese uye Yakovlev). Vamwe setende zvakatsaurirwa kuna chaicho kumatunhu. Somuenzaniso, Nobel Brothers Association akaratidza Panorama Mazinga uye painocheneserwa mafuta muna Baku. Takakurukura matambudziko modernizing Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. Uyewo zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano pakati vaburitsi maindasitiri.

matambudziko

Pasinei pamusoro zvose budiriro iri, paivawo matambudziko mazuvaano weRussia mukutanga remakore rechi20. Nyika lagged shure vatungamiri venyika tichitarisa kugadzirwa pa capita. Nhamba iyi zvikurukuru zvakaoma kutsikwa yokupedzisira mutengi. Nemhaka iyi yaiva pasi turnover dzimwe zvokutengeserana (1 mabhiriyoni 286 miriyoni rubles). Nhamba iyi yaiva 5 nguva kuvatumwa US zvazvingava, kana England. Kazhinji, akanga akaenzana pachiyero kaduku Belgium.

Russian mazuvaano matambudziko mukutanga remakore rechi20, akarara ndechokuti nyika yakanga murombo iri hombe nenhanho guta mukati upfumi. Kuti zvimwe kutanga bhizimisi, hurumende uye Entrepreneurs vane mari inodiwa. Vari vakazvigadzirirwa nokukwereta kumwe. About hafu mudzimba guta rave kuwanikwa nechikwereti mumakore iwayo. Foreign vanoita akamutswa kubva muvhu, kumatunhu ose. Saka, Somuenzaniso, raiva Donbass bheseni. Ake akasimbisa pachavo tichiregeredza British uye French makambani.

mamiriro zvikwereti

Panguva iyoyowo, mugove yokumwe mari iri upfumi pamwe pakutanga remakore idzva rave kuramba huchidzikira. Features wokuRussia mazuvaano akarara ndechokuti hurumende iri kuramba kuchanzi kune epamba kumusika, nokuda iyo chikwereti chayo zvokunze akawa, uye yomukati Kusiyana neizvi, akakurira. Enzanisa - munguva iyoyo kuFrance nokuda kwokuripirwa yepfuma zvisungo vanopedza kusvika chetatu bhajeti, nepo Russia - vanenge 15%.