The chitundumusere-musere wokutanga munhu mundege

"The chitundumusere-musere wokutanga tabva Earth pamwero wenyika 0.68 kuti ..." Saka anotanga mashoko basa iri wefizikisi rokushandisa 11 giredhi vadzidzi akagadzirirwa kubatsira kusimbisa mupfungwa chikuru zvokudya relativistic makanika. Saka: "rokutanga chitundumusere-musere tabva pasi pamwero wenyika 0,68 c. mudziyo The wechipiri anotanga kufamba kubva pakutanga chete mirayiridzo ari kumhanya V2 = 0,86 s. Zvakakodzera ngaaverenge nokumhanya rechipiri mudziyo hama kuti Nyika. "

Ndiani anoda kuti kuedza zivo yavo inogona yakadzidziswa basa iri. Unogona zvakare, pamwe vadzidzi kutora chikamu mune bvunzo mhinduro kuti "wokutanga chitundumusere-musere tabva pasi ari kumhanya 0,7 seconds. (C - velocity chiedza izita). mudziyo The wechipiri anotanga kufamba kubva pakutanga chete negwara. Its kumhanya - 0,8. Zvakakodzera ngaaverenge nokumhanya rechipiri mudziyo hama kuti Nyika. "

Nokuti vaya vanozviti ainyatsoziva panyaya iyi, zvinokwanisika kuti sarudzo - Kune mhinduro zvina zvinogoneka: 1) 0; 2) 0.2; 3) 0.96 S; 4) kuti 1,54.

An didactic chinangwa chinokosha, aripo chidzidzo kusunda kusuma vadzidzi pamwe mumuviri uye dzouzivi zvinoreva postulates Einstein zvaari chaizvo uye zvivako relativistic yokuti nguva uye nzvimbo, etc. chinangwa Educational of chidzidzo ndiko kutanga majaya nevakadzi yokukakavadzniswa zvinhu nemaonero.

Asi nyaya vaverengi avo vanoziva nhoroondo Russian nzvimbo kutiza, vanobvumirana kuti mabasa ari zvinhu nezve rokuti "wokutanga chitundumusere-musere", unogona kuridza kuchikosha yedzidzo basa. Kana mukakumbira, mudzidzisi kushandisa mabasa aya aigona pachena somunhu zvishande uye nyika zviri mubvunzo.

The chitundumusere-musere yokutanga muchadenga, kubudirira National nzvimbo nesayenzi vakawanda - chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro ichi?

On kukosha tsvakurudzo nzvimbo

tsvakurudzo Space rakaitwa sayenzi zvinokosha mashoko kuti akabvumira kunzwisisa musimboti wenyika mananara itsva rezvakasikwa akaisa navo basa vanhu. Kushandisa satellites, masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuziva chaiyo chimiro Nyika, nokudzidza kutenderera zvakakwanisika kuti kuronda dzine simba rinonzi magnetic anomalies kuSiberia. Nokushandiswa zvitundumuseremusere uye satellites vakakwanisa kuwana uye kuongorora nemwaranzi mabhandi yakapoteredza Pasi. Uchibatsirwa wavo zvaibvira kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso zvakawanda kunzwisisa.

Wokutanga chitundumusere-musere nokusingaperi kushanyira Moon

Mwedzi - yokudenga muviri, izvo chokuita zvikuru zvinoshamisa uye anoyevedza nebudiriro nzvimbo nesayenzi.

Flight kuna Moon kokutanga munhoroondo rakatangwa January 2, 1959 otomatiki yemapurisa "Luna-1". Kushanda rakagadzirwa nevanhu rokutanga Satellite "Luna-1" rave chikuru budiriro mumunda nzvimbo kudziongorora. Asi chinangwa chikuru chacho haina kubudirira. Yaiva Implementation ari kutiza kubva Earth kusvika Moon. The kanda mashoko anokosha zvesayenzi uye anobatsira pamusoro Vols dzimwe yepasi pose miviri. Nokufamba "Moon-1" basa yambokurukurwa (kekutanga!) The yechipiri yepasi pose nokukurumidza. Uyezve, zvaibvira kuwana umboo pamusoro nemwaranzi bhanhire pose, abudisa mamwe mashoko anokosha. Nyika wokudhinda yave kutorwa chitundumusere-musere "Luna-1" zita "Dream".

AMC "Luna 2" rinodzokororwa mugadzi zvinenge zvakazara. Used zviridzwa uye midziyo rinobvumira kuongorora interplanetary nzvimbo, uyewo kuchinja Data vakawana "Luna-1". Mhanya (12 September 1959) akanga akaita kushandisa 8K72 Rn.

September 14, "Luna 2" kwasvika munhu wechisikigo Satellite Nyika pevhu. wekutanga nokusingaperi ndege yakaitwa kubva redu kumwedzi. On muchikepe vaiva vatatu AMC kwokufananidzira pennant, wakabereka rakanyorwa: "The USSR, muna September 1959,". Pakati raiiswa resimbi bhora, izvo, kana achirova pemvura zvomuchadenga muviri vhuna kupinda vakawanda semastreamer duku.

Mabasa akatumirwa otomatiki yemapurisa:

• vawane making penyika;
• kusimudzira yepasi pose nokukurumidza wechipiri;
• nokukurira kukomba nyika Earth;
• wakurukura kuti womudenga pamusoro pennants "USSR".

Vose hwakazadziswa.

"East"

Raiva chitundumusere-musere yokutanga munyika yose raparurwa kupinda Earth muchadenga. Academician M. K. Tihonravovym nokuda yakakurumbira mugadziri S. P. Koroleva budiriro kuitwa kwemakore mazhinji, kubva kuchitubu 1957. Muna April 1958 pakuzivikanwa anofungidzirwa parameters ramangwana muchikepe, uyewo yaro kunopindirana unongotaura. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti wokutanga chitundumusere-musere achava uremu matani anenge 5 uye kuti munguva kuzodzosera kupinda aifanira okuwedzera kudzivirirwa chafariz yairema anenge 1.5. Uyezve, yakanga akagovera mutyairi wendege ejection.

Kuunza experimental ndege dzakaguma muna April 1960. Summer akanga atanga muchiedza nayo.

Wokutanga chitundumusere-musere "Vostok" (mufananidzo pazasi payo) yaiva nezvinhu zviviri: huchashandiswa mupanda uye anoburukira module interconnected.

Mudziyo vakapakata Chinyorwa uye otomatiki kuzvidzora, dzidziso zuva uye Earth. Uyezve, vaiva kumhara, tembiricha raitungamirirwa uye simba zvitengeswa. Board rakagadzirirwa kubhururuka mutyairi chete ari spacesuit. Ngarava yakanga portholes maviri.

Yokutanga chitundumusere-musere vakapinda muchadenga muna 1961 musi 12 April. Zvino, musi uyu rinopembererwa sezvo Zuva Cosmonautics. Nhasi, Ya Gagarin orbited rokutanga nzvimbo chikepe pasi munyika. Vakanga zvinoberekwa chimurenga akapoteredza Earth.

Huru basa kuti anoita chitundumusere-musere wokutanga nomurume mungarava, kwaiva kudzidza asitironati utano uye waivako kupfuura redu. Kunobudirira kutiza Gagarin: yedu compatriot, munhu wokutanga uyo akaona Nyika kubva muchadenga - kukura sayenzi yakanga hwokurara kuvandudza.

ndege ino kupinda kusafa

"The chitundumusere-musere wokutanga munhu ari muchikepe kwakatangwa kupinda Earth muchadenga April 12, 1961. Wokutanga mutyairi wendege-cosmonaut chitundumusere-musere-Satellite "Vostok" kwava mugari wenyika USSR, mutyairi, Major Gagarin Yu. A. "

TASS mashoko asingakanganwiki namagwatidziro nokusingaperi kuramba munhoroondo, chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye achirova mapeji aro. Pakapera emakore kufamba muchadenga ichava kuipa, zvisingakoshi chakajairika, asi kutiza, munhu akakwana kubva taundi duku Russia - Gzhatsk - nokusingaperi kuramba mupfungwa kumarudzi akawanda sezvo Feat huru yevanhu.

The nzvimbo rudzi

Pakati Soviet Union uye United States mumakore iwayo paiva dzisina makwikwi kodzero kuridza aitungamirira basa kukunda nzvimbo. Mutungamiri makwikwi aiva Soviet Union. The United States vasina zvitundumuseremusere simba.

The astronautics Soviet vane basa ravo akaedzwa muzvinhu January 1960, panguva kuongorora zviri muPacific. All guru nyika mapepanhau akabudisa mashoko kuti vanhu veSoviet achakurumidza raparurwa muchadenga kuti zvichaita zvachose kubuda US shure. Vanhu vose venyika vakanga vakamirira wokutanga aigarira ndege pamwe tarisiro huru.

Muna April 1961, murume kokutanga akatarira Earth kubva muchadenga. "East" vakamhanya vakananga Sun, yose nyika akatarisa kutiza ichi kubva maredhiyo. Nyika kuzvidavira uye kufara, zvose kuripwa vakachengeta mukuru kuedza munhoroondo yevanhu.

Maminitsi Kuti rakazunungusa World

"Man in Space!" Nhau iri yakakanganiswa pakati mutongo basa redhiyo uye nhau masangano. "VokuSoviet yakatanga murume! Yuri Gagarin pazvakagara! "

"East" pariri dzibhururuke vakapoteredza nyika, zvaitora maminitsi 108. Uye nguva idzodzo haana chete kwakaratidza airspeed dzokunze parutivi. Ndivo maminitsi itsva nzvimbo zera, ndokusaka ivo saka vakakatyamadzwa nyika yokutanga.

Nhangemutange pakati nyika mbiri dzine zita rokuti weNobel mukurwa kuti muchadenga ubanguranyika yakaguma kukunda of USSR. Muna May, US ballistic uyewo yakatanga murume muchadenga. Asi kutanga munhu kuenda mhiri Earth muchadenga wakaradzikwa nokuda eSoviet vanhu. Wokutanga chitundumusere-musere "Vostok" pamwe asitironati mubhazi akatumwa nokuda neSoviet. Chokwadi ichi chave nyaya nokuzvikudza kukuru reSoviet vanhu. Uyezve, ndege dzakapfuura refu wakaitwa dzakakwirira zvikuru, ndaiva nzira zvikuru kunzwisisa. Mukuwedzera, wokutanga chitundumusere-musere Gagarin (mufananidzo uri kuonekwa) hazvigoni kuenzaniswa Kamudzira, izvo nendege chinhu mutyairi wendege American.

Morning nzvimbo panguva

Izvi maminitsi 108 kwakachinja Yuriya Gagarina upenyu, rudzi rwedu uye nyika zvachose. Kamwe akasunungura muchadenga wokutanga nzvimbo yacho chikepe nomurume mungarava, chiitiko ichi ndicho vanhu Earth vava kudavira mangwanani ose nzvimbo zera. On nyika hakuna munhu vaizoita rudo rukuru rwakadaro kwete chete kune vamwe vavo vagari, asiwo vanhu munyika yose, pasinei norudzi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvechitendero. Feat ake aiva muenzaniso zvose zvakanakisisa hwakasikwa maererano nepfungwa dzevanhu.

"Ambassador Worugare"

Overflights Nyika mungarava "Vostok", Yuri Gagarin akaenda kunyika yose. Munhu wose aida kuona uye kunzwa cosmonaut yokutanga yenyika. Ake zvakafanana vanogamuchira mukuru vashumiri uye mapurezidhendi, machinda makuru uye madzimambo. Uye Gagarin nomufaro tikakwazisa miners uye dockers, zvechiuto uye masayendisiti, vadzidzi mumayunivhesiti kukuru kwenyika uye vakuru vakasiya misha muAfrica. Yokutanga cosmonaut yakanga zvakafanana nyore, ushamwari uye tichingwaririra zvose. Chaiva chokwadi "nhume dzorugare", mumwe aiziva marudzi.

"A mukuru uye anoshamisa murume, imba"

Gagarin kwakaita nedzenyu basa kwaikosha chaizvo kuti nyika. Hapana aigona kudaro zvinobudirira, sezvakaita murume wokutanga akanga ari muchadenga, sunga nokusunungura mapfundo ushamwari pakati pavanhu uye marudzi, kubatanidza pfungwa uye mwoyo. Akanga chisingakanganwiki, mashiripiti kunyemwerera, zvinoshamisa mutsa runobatanidza vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana, zvitendero zvakasiyana. Outsinye kwokunyengetedza vaiva ake vaneshungu, achibva yose chokupika mwoyo, achidanidzira rugare munyika.

"Ndakaona kuti akanaka Pasi - akati Gagarin. - From nzvimbo indistinguishable miganhu. Redu anotarira kubva muchadenga somunhu imba huru uye dzakanaka dzevanhu. All vakatendeseka vanhu venyika vane basa Kurongeka uye norugare kumba kwake. " Akatenda magumo.

The kumboitika richisimuka munyika

Mambakwedza riya risingakanganwiki, aiziva vashoma vanhu. Masikati, zita rake akadzidza yose nyika. To yakasvika mamiriyoni, akamuda nokuda mutsa wake, wechiduku, runako. Nokuti vanhu, kwaiva harbinger remangwana, mumwe Scout achidzoka kutsvaka ngozi, akazaruka nzira itsva ruzivo.

Mumaziso vazhinji waimiririra nyika yake, akanga mumiririri vanhu panguva yake iye akaita mupiro wakakura kuti kukunda nevaNazi, uye ikozvino wokutanga kukwira muchadenga. Zita Gagarin, uyo akanga paakavapa musoro Hero of Soviet Union, akava chiratidzo munyika zvisati pave pakakwirira itsva zveupfumi mberi.

The kutanga kwekupwanyiwa muchadenga ubanguranyika

Kunyange asati yakakurumbira kutiza, apo chitundumusere-musere wokutanga munhu ari muchikepe kwakatangwa muchadenga, Gagarin akafunga pamusoro chii ukoshi vanhu ndiko kukura muchadenga, unodei zvikepe simba uye zvombo. Nei vakatasva materesikopu nokuenzanisa muchadenga? Sei Nhunzi satellites uye redhiyo kanyanga vanomutswa? Iye unonyatsozviziva ndekwokukurumidzira uye kukosha nyaya idzi uye akatsvaka kubatsira kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kwevanhu ubanguranyika nzvimbo.

The chitundumusere-musere yokutanga "Vostok": basa

Huru matambudziko kwesayenzi zvaisangana chikepe "Vostok", vaiva sezvinotevera. Chokutanga, kudzidzwa matambudziko ndege mamiriro pamusoro muchadenga mamiriro womunhu muviri wayo unongotaura. Chechipiri, tarisa pfungwa rokuvaka chitundumusere-musere.

History chokusika

Muna 1957, SP Korolev mukati zvesayenzi Bureau chinokosha dhipatimendi rakarongwa nhamba 9. Chinosanganisira basa iri pakusika chakagadzirwa satellites panyika. The dhipatimendi yakanga dzinotungamirirwa nevanotonga Korolev, MK Tikhonravov. mibvunzo nokuumba Satellite vakanga vadzidza pano, piloted nomunhu mundege. In Korolyevskiy P-7 aionekwa sezvo kanda motokari. Maererano Masvomhu, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa nedhigirii yokudzivirirwa wechitatu akakwanisa kudhonzera ane shanu-savi nhumbi kuti yakaderera-Pasi muchadenga.

Masvomhu vachiri padanho kukura vaiitawo Mathematics Academy of Sciences. Chakapiwa nyevero zvakapetwa kagumi zadzisa kungaita kuti ballistic wedzinza kubva muchadenga.

The dhipatimendi kudzidza zvinhu racho. Ndaitofanira kusiya kufunga rwendo nzira. Sendarama kukodzera nzira yokudzoka womunhu, takadzidza mukana nezvekutanga uye zvimwe zvizvarwa kubudikidza parachuti. Separate kununura Länder haisi inopiwa.

Nokufamba mberi mune zvokurapa kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti vakawanda akakodzera Muviri chinhu idenderedzwa chimiro Länder, vachibvumira vanozvidzivirira inorema pasina mutsekwende utano muchadenga kunoongorora. Ndizvo idenderedzwa chimiro akasarudzwa kuti pagadzirwe anoburukira module ari aigarira mudziyo.

Ngarava yokutanga "Vostok-1LDK" yatumirwa. Yaiva otomatiki kutiza, kwakaitika muna May 1960, pashure akasika uye akashanda akabudisa nadzurudzo pakati "East-3KA" waiva Akanyatsogadzirira kuitisa aigarira mishoni.

Kunze mumwe akatadza kutiza kwakapera kukundikana kushanda motokari pamusoro kanda, chirongwa yave akagovera pakuparurwa matanhatu unmanned uye matanhatu aigarira chitundumusere-musere.

Program chinozoiswa:

• murume akabata nendege muchadenga - chitundumuseremusere chakasvitsa wokutanga "Vostok 1" (Photo mudziyo mufananidzo);
• vatize nguva imwe zuva, "Vostok-2";
• achiitisa boka kutiza, "Vostok-3" uye "Vostok-4";
• kuita muchadenga kutiza wokutanga mukadzi-cosmonaut, "Vostok-6".

"East": zvainyanya muchikepe uye midziyo

Features:

• uremu - 4,73 M;
• kureba - 4.4 M;
• dhayamita - 2.43 m.

mudziyo:

• idenderedzwa Länder (2.46 m, 2.3 m);
• Instrumental uye conical orbital nezvikamu (2.27 m, 2.43 m) - akagovera zvokuimba kubatana pakati pavo achishandisa pyrotechnic nekiyi uye simbi rinoparadza.

midziyo

Automatic uye Chinyorwa kuzvidzora, otomatiki wezwi zuva uye Chinyorwa wezwi paNyika.

Life Support (inopiwa kwemazuva 10 kuramba dzomunyika mumhepo tsamba parameters hwepasi muchadenga).

Command-uye kuzvidzora pfungwa, simba wedzerai, tembiricha kuzvidzora, kumhara.

Nokuti basa murume

Kuti ave nechokwadi chebasa revanhu mumatenga, bhodhi rakange rine zvigadzirwa zvinotevera:

• Zviremera uye madiotelemetric maikirwo anodiwa kuti aongorore nyika ye astronaut;
• Devices for radiotelephone kukurukurirana nemitambo yepasi;
• Rayira radio link;
• Zvirongwa zvepurogiramu-nguva;
• Terevhizheni yekutarisa mutyairi kubva pasi;
• Irodhiyo yehutungamiri yekudzora mhirizhonga uye kutungamirirwa nekuwana kwechikepe;
• Braking propulsion system nevamwe.

Chigadzirwa chemotokari yemoto

Mumotokari yemotokari maiva nezvikwata zviviri. Mumwe wavo akanga ari pamusuo wekupinda, zvishoma pamusoro pomutyairi wechiri, imwe, nehutano hwekuita, hwakagadzirirwa pasi pasi patsoka dzake. Akapfekedzwa mumusana, chipisa chemvura chakanga chiri musachigaro wakagadzirirwa. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti mushure mokunge mabheji emotokari achienda kumakiromita anenge 7, mutumbi wekodhi unofanira kubviswa uye kuwira paparachute. Mukuwedzera, zvaive zvichiita kuti mutyairi wacho aende mumotokari pachake. Mumotokari yemoto pakanga paine parachute, asi pakanga pasina urongwa hwezvigadzirwa zvekugara zvakanyorova. Izvi zvakatyisidzira munhu mukati mazvo nekukuvadza kukuru pakusvika.

Kana iyo inoshandiswa purogiramu isingakundiki, cosmonaut inogona kushandisa gwaro rekushandisa.

Muzvikepe "Vostok" pakange pasina maikirwo emakwikwi evanhu kumwedzi. Vakanga vasingabvumirwi kutiza vanhu vasina ruzivo rwakakosha.

Ndiani akaongorora zvikepe "Vostok"?

Yu A. A. Gagarin: chikepe chekutanga "Vostok-1". Mufananidzo uri pasi apa unomiririra mufananidzo wegadziriro yechipfuva. G. S. Titov: "Vostok-2", A. Nikolaev: "East-3", P.R. Popovich: "East-4", VF Bykovsky: "Vostok-5", V. V. Tereshkova: "Vostok-6".

Mhedziso

108 maminitsi, panguva iyo "East" yakashandura nyika, hupenyu hwepasi hwakashandurwa nokusingaperi. Kwete vanyori venhoroondo chete vanokoshesa chiyeuchidzo chemaminitsi aya. Zvizvarwa zvipenyu nevana vedu vari kure vanozoverengazve ruremekedzo magwaro anotaura nyaya yekuberekwa kwenyika itsva. Era, iyo yakazarura nzira yevanhu mumakona makuru ezvose.

Hazvina mhosva kuti vanhu vakafambira mberi zvakadini pakukura kwayo, zvicharamba zvichiyeuka zuva iri rinoshamisa, apo munhu akatanga kuwanikwa ari oga nezvose. Vanhu vacharamba vachiyeuka zita risingafi reapiyona anokudzwa wezvinhu zvose, izvo zvakazova murume weRussia chaiwo - Yuri Gagarin. Zvose zvemazuva ano uye zvamangwana zvakaitwa muzvesayenzi yekudenga zvinogona kutaridzirwa matanho mukumuka kwayo, mugumisiro wekukunda kunowanikwa naye - yekutanga uye yakakosha.