Russian marudzi: mazita uye uwandu

Maererano zvikuru kuchinja nokufungidzira, muRussia mune marudzi anopfuura 192, zvakasiyana kubva mumwe panyaya netsika, chitendero uye nhoroondo kukura. Zvinoshamisa, vose vari chete hurumende miganhu rinenge murugare - sezvo pamusana accession ndima itsva.

Kunyanya vanhu '

Kokutanga mazita avanhu vanogara munharaunda Russia, chakaitwa pakati XVIII remakore, kuti streamline mitero. Academy of Sciences muSt Petersburg, zvakakomba kubata mubvunzo uyu, uye mumakore XVII-XIX emakore zvakanga akasunungurwa zvishoma gumi chakakomba ethnographic tsvakurudzo nezvenyaya iyi, uyewo dzakawanda mifananidzo Albums uye atlases, izvo zvava inokosha kwazvo nyanzvi ano.

Panoperera gumi ari XXI remakore rokutanga vanhu munyika inogona pamutemo kukamurwa marudzi 192. Marudzi rine vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 mu Russia 7. chete Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Russian - 77,8%.
• Tatars - 3.75%.
• Chuvash - 1.05%.
• Bashkirs - 1.11%.
• Chechens - 1,07%.
• VokuArmenia - 0,83%.
• Ukrainians - 1.35%.

Panewo izwi "titular rudzi", iro rinorondedzerwa dzinza, akapa zita raro kusvikira nharaunda. Uye zvingasava zvikuru vanhu vazhinji. Somuenzaniso, muna Khanty-Mansiisk zvionera dunhu kumusha vemarudzi Russian (Donongodzo chinosanganisira anopfuura 50 pfungwa). Asi Khanty uye Mansi, chete 2% yevanhu mudunhu, akamupa zita riri pamutemo.

Ethnographic tsvakurudzo maitiro ari XXI remakore, uye basa panyaya "marudzi Russian: Nyora pasi nhamba uye kubva muzana kutonga" kufarira chakakomba kwete chete kune masayendisiti, asiwo vanhuwo vanoda kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro kwavo.

Vanhu European chikamu Russia

Russian haana kutaurwa sorudzi iri kuitika Russian Constitution, asi chaizvoizvo rudzi urwu kupfuura 2/3 yacho zvachose kwevanhu. "Mbereko" Ake European chikamu Russia - kubva kuchamhembe Primorye uye yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia kusvika pemhenderekedzo reCaspian uye Black makungwa. Vanhu vaine kubatana netsika pakunamata uye chitendero, anthropology uye yunifomu mutauro nevakawanda. Zvisinei, Russian zvakare haana yunifomu waro sezvamunoita, uye vari rakakamurwa akasiyana madzinza:

- North - necheSalvic vanhu vaigara Novgorod, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vologda uye Kostroma kumatunhu, uyewo muna Republic of yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia uye kuchamhembe Tver nyika. Nokuti Russian unhu "akayuschy" hurukuro hwokumusoro uye kupenya ruvara chitarisiko.

- South Russian vanhu vaigara Ryazan, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Orel uye Penza kumatunhu. Vagari nharaunda idzi "okayut" kana kutaura. Nokuti chikamu "yuzhnorossov" chinoratidza bilingualism (Cossacks).

Kumatunhu hwokuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba havasi iri pedyo - Ivo kubatanidza nzvimbo Central Russian (pakati Oka uye Volga), apo vagari vose nzvimbo yakasanganiswa zvakafanana. Kuwedzera kune zvachose kurema wokuRussia pane anonzi Sub-madzinza - tsindirana mhenyu rudzi diki aunonyanya zvinoitwa mutauro wavo uye tsika. Uyu zvakarurama yakavharwa uye kuti dziwande diki vanhu Russian Russia. Dzavo mazita vanosanganisira zvinotevera mapoka:

• Vod (muna 2010 nhamba yevanhu 70).
• Pomors.
• Meshcheryakov.
• Polekh.
• Sayan.
• Don uye Kuban Cossacks.
• Kamchadals.

Vanhu kumaodzanyemba nharaunda

Tiri kutaura nzvimbo pakati Azov uye reCaspian makungwa. Kuwedzera kune Russian vakawanda anogara kune mamwe marudzi, kusanganisira vaya vari zvikuru akasiyana panyaya yetsika uye chitendero. Chikonzero misiyano yakadaro vakava wakajeka pedyo Eastern nyika - Turkey, Tatar Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

Southern vanhu Russia (mazita):

• Chechens.
• Ingush.
• Nogai.
• Kabardians.
• Circassians.
• Adygeys.
• Karachai.
• Kalmyks.

In kumaodzanyemba Russia iri kuramba hafu chinoda "nyika". Zvinenge neimwe ndudzi idzi vane mutauro wavo, uye zvitendero akatonga pakati pavo Islam.

Tinofanira kutaura murefu Dagestan. Uye, kupfuura zvose, vanhu vane zita iroro haako. Shoko iri rinobatanidza dzinza (vaAvar, Aguls, Dargin, Lezgins, Laks, Nogai, uye zvichingodaro.), Kurarama munharaunda Republic of Dagestan.

Siberian marudzi uye North

Siberian Federal District inosanganisira 14 huru nharaunda uye munharaunda yakakura anofukidza 30% munyika. Zvisinei, mundima ino navanhu vanhu mamiriyoni 20.10 ne. Vagari kweSiberia une zvinotevera vanhu:

1. mutorwa vanhu, madzinza mapoka yakabuda munzvimbo panguva okukura dzaro XVI-XX emakore. boka iri zvinosanganisira Russian, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars nevamwe.

2. Indigenous marudzi Siberian Russia. A pamazita vavo rakanyatsojeka guru, asi nhamba achiri pasi. Yakakurumbira kudarika dzimwe dziri Yakut (480,000), Buryats (460,000), vokuTuva (265 zviuru) uye Khakassia (73,000).

Ratio pakati zvizvarwa zvemo uye nevokunze ndiyo 1: 5. Uye uwandu yepakutanga vagere kweSiberia, kwete kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoderedza uye vezviuru navamazana.

Northern ndima Russia vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. "Hazvina" vanhu nzvimbo idzi kusimbiswa makuru nemisha. Asi chinokosha, kazhinji kacho, ringatungamirira runochengeta kana Semi-anongofamba mararamiro. Ethnographers vanoti kuchamhembe zvizvarwa zvemo vari kuderedzwa panguva nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva mwero kupfuura Siberians.

Vanhu East ari Far uye Primorye

Far East Region kuchibva Magadan uye Khabarovsk kumatunhu, Yakutia, Chukotka District uye vechiJudha zvionera Region. Izvi pedyo Primorye - Sakhalin, Kamchatka uye Primorsky Krai, kureva kumatunhu pamwe mbune okumabvazuva makungwa.

The ethnographic kurondedzerwa vanhu kuSiberia uye kuFar East pamwe kutsanangura, asi hazvina zvikuru zvakanaka. Indigenous madzinza munyika vane yakasiyana chaizvo tsika, zvakazoita zvikuru kwazvo ezvinhu muupenyu.

Kure uye kumahombekombe zvizvarwa zvemo dzeRussia, riri pasi apa mazita, vakatanga inorondedzerwa XVII remakore:

• Orochi.
• Orok.
• Nivkhs.
• Udege.
• Chukchi.
• Koryak.
• Tungus.
• Daur.
• Duchers.
• Nanai.
• Eskimos.
• Aleuts.

Pari, vashoma madzinza unotidzivirira uye neropafadzo kubva ehurumende, uye vari zvakare kufarira kune nzvimbo uye ethnographic nzendo.

Pazuva madzinza Zvinoumba East ari Kure Primorye vaiva simba vanhu dzakavakidzana - China uye Japan. Mugore Russian nharaunda China akagarisa nenzanga vatama rinosvika vanenge 19 zviuru vanhu. Pazuva Kuril Islands uye Sakhalin Ainu vanhu vanogara zvakanaka, waiva kamwe kumba Hokkaido (Japan).

Non-zvizvarwa zvemo of Russian Federation

Pamutemo, vose emadzinza kuRussia, kunze kwenguva duku chaizvo uye yakavharwa, muri non-zvizvarwa. Asi chokwadi, mukati nyika aigara vaitamira nokuda hondo (kubvisa), kukura kuSiberia uye Far East, zvivako zvehurumende, kutsvaka nani nderemagariro. Somugumisiro, vanhu vakavhengana kurongeka, uye Yakuts vaigara Moscow hazvishamisi.

Asi nyika musha vemarudzi akawanda nemapoka vane midzi anobva akasiyana zvachose inoti. nyika yavo haisi kunyange pedyo kumuganhu Russian Federation! Ivo akazviratidza ari munharaunda yayo somugumisiro netsaona kana yokuzvidira vaitamira mumakore akasiyana. Non-zvizvarwa zvemo muRussia, ndandanda iyo pasi apa, vanoumba boka mishoma makumi ezviuru zvevanhu pamusoro makore 40 (2nd chizvarwa). Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• VokuKorea.
• Chinese.
• VokuGermany.
• VaJudha.
• VokuTurkey.
• The nevaGiriki.
• VokuBulgaria.

Uyezve, Russia zvakachengeteka kurarama mapoka maduku emadzinza kubva kuBaltic States, Asia, India uye Europe. Vanenge vose wakafananidzwa maererano mutauro uye mararamiro, asi wakasara vamwe tsika amadzibaba avo.

Languages uye zvitendero vanhu Russia

Multi-kwemadzinza Russian Federation ari muzvinhu zvenyika, asi chitendero achiri inoita basa rinokosha (tsika, yetsika, hurumende) muupenyu vanhu. Characteristically, duku madzinza vanoomerera chitendero netsika dzavo, zvichiguma "nhaka" kubva kumadzitateguru. Asi necheSalvic avanhu zvakawanda Mobile uye vanozviti mhando dzakasiyana bogoslaviya, kusanganisira yoku- zvechihedheni, Satani uye kusatendera.

Pari zvinotevera mapoka ezvitendero zviri mune Russia:

• ChiKristu Orthodox.
• Islam (Sunni vaMuslim).
• ChiBuddha.
• Catholic.
• ChiKristu yeRoma nokunyengetedza.

Pretty nyore ezvinhu nendimi dzavanhu '. Mutauro munyika iri Russian, kuti ndiwo mutauro ruzhinji. Zvisinei, reNational kumatunhu (muBosnia, muChechnya, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan, uye zvichingodaro.) Mutauro titular rudzi ane paruzhinji hweHIV.

Uye, chokwadi, anenge ose ane yayo, akasiyana nevamwe mutauro kana mutauro. It zvinowanzoitika kuti tumitauro vaigara munharaunda iyoyo vane zvakasiyana madzinza inotungamirwa. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Altai Siberian vanhu kutaura mutauro Turkic boka, uye pane imwe pedyo Bashkirs Midzi kutaura zvakavigwa mutauro Mongolian.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kana uchitarisa mazita avanhu Russia ethnolinguistic kupatsanura anooneka anenge vakakwana. Zvikurukuru pakati mitauro yakasiyana marudzi "chiratidzo" inenge mapoka ose mutauro:

1. Indo-European boka:

• NecheSalvic mitauro (Russian, Belarusian).
• mitauro eGermany (Hebrew, German).

2. Finno-Ugric (Mordvinian, Mari, Komi Zyryan etc.).

3. mitauro Turkic (Altaian, Noghai, Sakha etc.).

4. Mongolian mitauro (Kalmyk, Buryat).

5. Language North Caucasian (Adyg, Daghestanian mitauro Chechen and said.).

Muzana XXI remakore, Russian Federation chichiri chimwe chezvinhu yetsika nyika munyika. Hapana chikonzero kumanikidza "multiculturalism", nokuti nzira iyi, iyo nyika yave iripo kwemazana emakore akawanda.