NEP - mutsva zvoupfumi mutemo munyika. Zvikonzero pakusuma uye musimboti of NEP

The nguva kubva 1917 kusvika 1921 - imwe nguva yakaoma zvechokwadi Russia. Revolution uye hondo yevagari vave anosakadza nokuda kwoupfumi zvakanaka. Pashure pakuguma aramu zviitiko nyika vaifanira kudzorwa, sezvo vemauto zvakagadzirwa vakanga vasingabatsiri munguva yorugare.

Zvaiitika Chiziviso

NEP, kana chitsva ezvoupfumi mutemo waiva kudiwa nguva. Crisis "hondo komiyunizimu", vakatanga panguva Civil War, rakanga risingadiwi kukura nyika munguva dzorugare. Requisitioning waiva mutoro vanhuwo zvavo, uye nationalization akaitwa uye centralization management kwakakwana haabvumirwi kutanga. Musumo of NEP - mhinduro mukuru kusagutsikana pamwe "hondo communism."

Mamiriro munyika pamberi pakatanga of NEP

Pakazopera hondo yacho, nyika yaparadzwa munzira dzose. Vaimbove Russian Empire vakarasika kuPoland, Latvia, Estonia, chikamu Ukraine uye Belarus, Finland. vawirwa nenjodzi pakuchera - the Donbas, kumatunhu mafuta, Siberia. Neb maindasitiri kugadzirwa, uye mune zvokurima kwave zvinhu chakakura dambudziko. Mukuwedzera, nderwevaya akatsamwa vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba mumaoko chingwa, zvinhu kwakawedzera. Vakamukira yakatsvairwa Donschinu, Ukraine, Kuban, Siberia. Wave yokusagutsikana kuhondo akapfuura. Muna 1920, mumwe mubvunzo akamutswa pamusoro abolition yacho yemuraudzo. Ndivo kuedza kutanga kuzozivisa NEP. Zvikonzero: matambudziko mamiriro hwenyika, kuparadzwa bhizimisi uye rokurima nemauto, mitoro yacho yemuraudzo, iyo ikawira pamafudzi vanhuwo zvavo, dzimwe mutemo kukundikana, mari kusagadzikana.

Kuziviswa nzira itsva upfumi

Kushandurwa akatanga muna 1921, apo Wechigumi Congress of RCP (B) chisarudzo pamusoro yezwi mutero mune mhando. Pakutanga, NEP akanga aronga sezvo kwenguva pfupi kwazvo. Reform yakaenderera mberi kwemakore akawanda. Musimboti ari NEP - kuchinja ari indasitiri, kurima uye nemauto mari kuti achabvisa magariro makakatanwa. Nhovo wakasiyiwa vanyori chirongwa zvoupfumi kushanduka pamusoro enyika, zvoupfumi, zvemagariro uye dzimwe negwaro mabhora.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakasununguka kutengeserana rekutanga utsanzi, asi hazvisi. Pakutanga, zvaionekwa ngozi nezviremera. Pfungwa Entrepreneurship, kuti Bolsheviks havana kuuya pakarepo. NEP nguva - nguva zvakagadzirwa kunge vachiedza nokubatanidza simba mugovanisi musika upfumi pamwe okunze.

indasitiri nadzurudzo

Chokutanga utsanzi raiva kusikwa nokuchengetesa. Vaiva shamwari mabhizimisi yakafanana kuti vane zvimwe norusununguko chiito, kuzvimirira mune zvemari. Musumo of NEP - kutanga rakazara zvinhu pamusoro indasitiri. The Kuwadzana itsva - ari nokuchengetesa - vanogona kusarudza chii kubereka, kubva chii uye ndivanaani kuti kuzoitengesazve. The zvezvinotaurwa zvinhu zvakanga pakufara; uye kutenga zvinhu uye kugadzirwa varayirwa hurumende. Zvenhaka akasikwa guru kuchengeterwa, iyo aifanira kufukidza varasikirwa.

NEP - mutemo kuti anopa pakagadzwa syndicates. Mapoka aya aisanganisira nokuchengetesa anoverengeka. Syndicates aidaro vatorwa zvokutengeserana, achiposa rokutengesa ose apedza zvigadzirwa, mbishi zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki. Kusvikira pakuguma NEP nguva, vakawanda anovimba vaiva akadaro mibatanidzwa.

Akaratidza akanaka, nokuti sangano raJehovha Wholesale chinokosha exchanges. It wakatanga kushanda pamusika dzakazara, izvo anotenga mbishi zvinhu, rakapera zvigadzirwa. A mhando tateguru pamusika ukama muSoviet Union aiva NEP, zvinokonzera iyo akarara muna vasina kurongeka upfumi.

Chimwe chikuru nebudiriro nguva yakanga kudzoka mari mubayiro. NEP - nguva ino, abolition webasa kuhondo, kuderedza urovha unodiwa. The itsva negwaro zvoupfumi vachishingaira Pakukurukura private nemauto ari indasitiri. Dzinoratidzwa nedanho denationalization vamwe Enterprises. Vanhu vakapiwa kodzero kuvhura maindasitiri zvinomera uye mafekitari.

Popular aiva kungobvumirawo - mufananidzo rendi kana varimi vari vanhu vokunze kana zviri pamutemo masangano. Part of wokumwe mubhizimisi yakanga kunyanya kumusoro simbi indasitiri uye Whitehead Textile indasitiri.

Zvakagadzirwa vari kurima

NEP - mutemo kuti yakakanganisa sectors zvose upfumi hwenyika, kusanganisira zvokurima uye chiyero. Zvinonyatsorehwa tinyatsonzwisisa matambudziko zvakagadzirwa - zvakanaka. Muna 1922 nayo kushandisa Land Code. Mutemo mutsva rakarambidzwa pachake nyika, yakanga chete kubvumidzwa kushandisa pamusoro chikwereti.

NEP Mutemo zvokurima zvakakanganisa magariro nemamiriro pfuma vemumusha. Budirira vanhuwo zvavo zvakanga maturo kutanga upfumi hwayo, pamwe ivo mitero yakakwirira. Varombo vakakwanisa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvemari. Saka, varombo uye mupfumi vari vashoma - vaiva "avhareji".

Varimi vakawanda vakawedzera nyika Holdings, zvakawedzera chido kushanda. Uyezve, zviri pamusoro pavagere musha vaiva mitoro mutero. A hurumende mari vaiva hombe - iri hondo, pamusoro indasitiri, pamusoro kuzoita upfumi mushure Civil War. Mitero iri vapfumi vanhuwo zvavo havana kubatsira kusimudza padanho kukura, saka taifanira kushandisa nzira itsva rokuzadza yepfuma. Saka, pane muitiro kutenga zviyo varimi nemitengo yakaderera - izvi zvakatungamirira dambudziko uye kwaita pfungwa "mutengo chigero". The ndopakaperawo hupfumi mwoyo - 1923. Mumakore 1924-25 dambudziko wakadzokororwa zvakare - kwayo chaizvo kwave kuchikosha kuwa kwenhamba zviyo.

NEP - ichi nguva yokuchinja mumunda zvokurima. Havasi vose vavo kwakatungamirira yakanaka, asi pakanga zviri pamusika upfumi. By kuguma NEP nguva, nematambudziko kuwedzera.

zvemari bhora

Nokuti zvinhu zvaidikanwa zvachinja riparadzirwe mari. The chikuru basa the NEP - kudzikamisa nemauto zvemari uye kuti normalize dzibvise ukama nedzimwe nyika.

Danho nevarume rokutanga raiva sangano mari. Currency underpinned ne reserves goridhe. Kuzomukazve nyaya yaishandiswa kufukidza bhajeti dhefisiti. Kubva zviitiko zvemari munyika vakatambura kunyanya vanhuwo zvavo uye proletariat. The vakawanda tsika yakanga huchiti zvikwereti, kuwedzera muumbozha mutero uye rutapudzo zvinokosha.

Pakutanga mashoko NEP shanduko mune zvekutepfenyura zvemari vakabudirira. Zvinokwanisika kuita Danho rechipiri zvinhu muna 1924. Kwakasarudzwa yokusuma zvakasimba mari. Kumashure vaiva muchivigiro manotsi, uye nokuda dzakawanda kubhadhara vachishandisa egoridhe. Zvakava nevakawanda chikwereti, kuburikidza muya kushanda vakatora nzvimbo yokutenga nokutengeserana. wandei makuru rwezvemabhengi masangano dzakatangwa munharaunda yacho USSR, uyo akashanda indasitiri. At yomunharaunda vanochiva nemari yakanga inopiwa pachena mabhanga. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mari ichaita iri kuwedzera. Paiva mabhanga, avo vakashanda zvokurima masangano, dzimwe masangano.

Enyika Kugadzirwa nyika Nguva NEP

zvinhu Economic kunge achiperekedzwa kurwisa enyika mukati hurumende. Kwaiva achikura anomanikidza yokuda. Vladimir Lenin Kutonga anogona kunzi "seboka udzvinyiriri". Power akanga kusimbiswa mumaoko Lenin uye Trotsky, asi kubva pakupera 1922 zvinhu zvakachinja. Vashori Trotsky akasika unhu chitendero pamusoro Lenin uye Leninism akatanga kutaura pfungwa youzivi.

It kunowedzera hondo muna Communist Party pachayo. Pakanga pasina kufanana musangano. Akaumba kushorwa, izvo waitsigira kupa simba dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa zvizere. Zvakafananawo ichi ndicho kwaita chisarudzo kuti akadanidzira kubatana Party uye anosunga Implementation oruzhinji zvose nhengo dzayo. Anenge kwese, bato akatora hofisi chete munhu sezvo vaiti ehurumende zvivako. Kuva madenderedzwa Mutongo akava chinangwa repamusoro. The bato kunoramba kuwedzera, saka nokufamba kwenguva akatanga kuitisa "kuchenesa" zvainanga pamusoro vaKomonisiti "venhema".

Crisis yaiva nguva pashure pokufa Lenin. Rakawedzera kunetsana pakati bato nhengo vakuru nevaduku. The sangano Zvishoma nezvishoma stratified - mamwe ropafadzo vakagamuchira zano, yainzi ari "Nomenclature".

Saka, kunyange okupedzisira oupenyu hwake Lenin "venhaka" ake akatanga kuudza simba. Kubva basa akaedza kusunda yekare-manyorerwo vatungamiriri. Pakutanga Trotsky. Vakanga vanaye vaiva kurwa munzira dzakasiyana, asi kazhinji kungoti mhosva "zvivi" siyana. Pakati pavo - deviationism, Menshevism.

Kuvakwa kuchinja

Positive zviri NEP, izvo akazviratidza kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kusanduka, zvishoma nezvishoma vakadzima nokuda kukundikana uye uncoordinated nezviito utungamiri bato. Dambudziko huru - kurwisana pakati anomanikidza utongi uye kuedza yokusuma musika upfumi womuenzaniso. Ndivo Matanda maviri dzisina zvokudya, uye vakaparadza mumwe.

The New Economic Policy - NEP - zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo 1924-1925 kumwedzi. Market zvinhu vakanga chikatsiviwa centralized kudzora hurongwa. Mushure ose akaronga uye hurumende utungamiri akatora pamusoro.

Kutaura zvazviri, NEP dzakaguma muna 1928, apo rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu uye mutemo collectivization rakaparidzirwa. Kubvira zvino mutsva upfumi nomutemo akarega kuvapo. NEP pamutemo ndavhura makore 3 chete - muna 1931. Zvino kurambidzwa kutengesa muchivande.

zvabuda

NEP - mutemo kuti yakabatsira kudzorera nokupwanya upfumi. Dambudziko raiva kushaya vanonyatsokwanisa - chinetso ichi haabvumirwi kuvaka zvinobudirira utariri munyika.

The Indasitiri akakwanisa kuwana dzakakwirira chaitwa, asi yakaramba dambudziko iri zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Vakabhadhara sedzisina uye mari. The maitiro akanga achirwara-mimba, saka paiva kusaenzana vakasimba upfumi. A chinhu chakanaka - the Kudzikamiswa currency.