Pfungwa rudzi uye vanhu, ano maonero ari speciation, mhando zvinodiwa

Yokuronga patsva zvipenyu kupinda vakaparadzana makirasi akabvumira iumbe pfungwa dzakasiyana mapoka kwemarudzi kuti agare panyika. Chokwadi, pane kupesana zhinji kunyange ano dzidziso pamusoro shanduka kwakabva mhando, asi anokosha kupatsanura ndidzo nheyo, iyo inosimudzira arayira zvipenyu. Asi panguva iyi nhamba vamiririri akasiyana akatsanangura fauna of kwakawedzera kanoverengeka Sezvineiwo, pfungwa kwemarudzi chakaunzwa sayenzi Karl Linney shure muna 1753. Uye izvozvo tisingatauri kuramba kukura nzira kuti paumbwe taxonomy uye Standardization zvinomera uye mhuka.

General Dzidziso zvipenyu uye vanhu

Under achinyepera kunzwisisa sezvo chine vanhu vanenge vave nhaka kutaridza nevakawanda zvinhu havatsananguri morphological, vasiri, zvoutachiona uye nezvimwewo zvinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, mitambo iyi zvinhu uye anobvumira kuti kusarudza mumwe zvipenyu vemo. The venguva Pfungwa rudzi zviri zvipenyu rinewo kuti vamiririri vayo vari mubishi upenyu yepasisa munharaunda iyoyo. Panguva iyo maonero imwe huru siyana umo zvipenyu dzinorongwa.

Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti mumwe zvavo unyanzvi anogona kuona zviri nyore ndiani imwe munhu imwe mhando. Kuti izvi zvidaro, uye inopa dzinoverengeka nzira iyo vanhu vakapinda dzakasiyana Mapato zvipenyu taxonomy. Uyewo, vagari muunganidzwa vanhu kuva chete marudzi. chavanopinda Izvi kunokonzera vanhuwo Gene dziva, kukwanisa bereka vana kutsigira uye voga nemamwe marudzi.

zvinodiwa mhando

Hatina dzatoona kuti dzinokosha nzira akapa chaiwo zviri mumapoka. Basic pakati pavo ndiye morphological chokuratidza, iyo yakavakirwa kwokunze kusiyana kwemarudzi. Wakaisa ichi hwounhu inobvumira kuti pave kupatsanurwa zvipenyu vane vakasiyana maitiro nemashoko yomunyika kana kwokunze morphological maitiro. Asi hazvisi zvakakodzera kubvisa mikana yokuva nesimba-rinorondedzerwa zviratidzo zviri detectable chete nedanho refu zvaakacherechedza.

The nenzvimbo chokuratidza zvakare anotsigira pfungwa mhuka. Nzira dzekuziva nadzo mhando iyi mhando dzinobva kuti nhengo nerimwe boka vane nzvimbo yavo inokosha nezvinhu zvakafanana ehupfumi. Ndiwo chaiwo dzinogarisana, iyo ichakurukurwa yoga.

Chimwe chokuratidza kukosha vasiri uye nokukanganisika chinhu yakatarwa. In mashoko rakavimbika ndiyo chokuratidza wechokwadi, nokuti inobva musiyano pakati mhando vakasiyana nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa kuti anowanikwa pana zvakafanana Mapato zvipenyu.

siyana kwemarudzi

Nzvimbo ndiyo nzvimbo kunorondedzerwa tsaukana miganhu umo vakaparadzira kongiri chimiro. Inobva zvechadenga biosphere munharaunda, zvinokwanisika kuti vafunga pamusoro hukuru uye zvitarisiko kuti kusiyanisa ichi aivamo nzvimbo. Chaizvoizvo, nzvimbo inogona kushandiswa nzira yokuziva nayo zvizere munhu nhengo imwe mhando, asi zvakakosha kufungawo vamwe nuances.

Chekutanga, zviri pachena kuti mune imwe nzvimbo angararama vamiriri siyana kwemarudzi. Chechipiri, pfungwa kwemarudzi anobvumawo kuti nenzvimbo yokuona uye anogona chinoshayikwa kana tiri kutaura pamusoro anonzi cosmopolitans. Miti iyi, iyo hunonzi inogona vakagovera mhiri nyika, zvisinei kwenzvimbo, okunze features, uye zvichingodaro. D. The vanotsvakurudza uyewo oga bystrorasselyayuschiesya boka nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi kuti kungachinja nzvimbo kuitira kuti nyanzvi havana nguva yokusarudza zvachiri. vanhu ava imba-nenhunzi uye shiri duku.

Pfungwa rudzi uye kwevanhu ikoroji

Tichifunga zvezvakatipoteredza uye vakawanda riri munyaya zvinonyatsorehwa akapoteredza nekuita vanhu nemamwe mapoka. Huru parameters kuti kudzidza kwemarudzi ikoroji ndiko kukura nevanhu, mhando yezvokudya, dzinogarisana, kubereka nguva, uye zvichingodaro .. idzi uye zvimwe zviratidzo kubvumira nyanzvi kuti kupona vokuparidzira zvimwe niches. Zvakananga ethological chokuratidza ipfupi kuziva maitiro kusiyana pakati vamiririri siyana kwemarudzi. Uyewo, pfungwa kwemarudzi vari ikoroji pakati vakatsunga zvoutachiona uye abiotic ezvinhu akaoma, apo vagari vakashanduka uye dzakashandisa upenyu.

Pfungwa speciation

The kuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi kunoitika nenzira dzakasiyana, izvo dzinounzwa mumapoka makuru maviri. Kazhinji, speciation kunobva vanonzi phyletic shanduka. Maererano pfungwa iyi kwemasayendisiti mukati rimwe vakawanda pakupedzisira kutungamirira chokuti kwadzakabva kune chaiyo hwaiitwa zvipenyu kunowedzera, zvichiguma zvaikosha kuchinja kuitika mune zvechadenga boka.

Muchimiro speciation kwechipiri kunoenderana anotsemura boka muzvikwata zviviri. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pfungwa kunosanganisira kushandisa anoverengeka siyana zviratidzo nokuda achirayira vanhu vaine maonero kuti usanganidzo yavo chaiyo vemo. The ratiinaro munzira chaiyo classifications izvi zvinokonzera Kuratidzirwa cleavage kubudikidza speciation.

Modern Dzidziso speciation

Pane nzira mbiri kuti tsanangudzo speciation kuburikidza anotsemura boka. It allopatric uye sympatric speciation. Muchiitiko chokutanga kunoreva chepakutanga dzinogarisana pakati chimiro pasi ezvinhu ose kwenguva refu Kugara vemo pakati nenzvimbo zindoga. An ezvinhu chinokosha zvinoitwa nokuumbwa, zvakakwanira chokubvisa specimens with ari oga boka, zvinonzi rakavharwa akabviswa anyatsoona vamiririri kwevanhu. Natural nenzvimbo Kuparadzana kunogona kuitika panguva tiguu anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, gungwa kwazvo uye zvakadai. D.

Kuti uone kuti sympatric siyana nokuumbwa mapoka matsva, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa kwemarudzi inosanganisira wandei kukosha zvokudya specialization evanhu. Kuti weboka pachishandiswa zvinokonzera uye zvinotaurwa kuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi mukati chepakutanga boka.

mhedziso

Kuchiripo nhasi taxonomy kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu zviri kure wakakwana. Chokwadi chokuti kunyange yepamusorosoro maturusi uye nzira kuziva unhu vanhu akasiyana haisi nguva zvinogoneka yakakwana zvakarurama kuzviziva sezvo vamiririri ari muchikwata chaiwo.

Zvinonzi kuchinja zvikuru pfungwa marudzi, vaisanganisa zvitsva zvine chokuita zvipenyu, nenzvimbo uye zvipenyu maitiro. Chokwadi, nzvimbo inokosha ichiri maigara vasiri unhu zvipenyu, izvo zvinoumba zvinokosha chikabviswa wakaisirwa paumbwe systematics. Nematambudziko kupatsanura kazhinji simuka kana itsva siyana, imire panzvimbo zvenguva Links pakati mhando dzakasiyana.