Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore vakanga socio-zvoupfumi

History pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore zvikuru mamiriro ayo mirayiridzo: kuramba vachiva kwemaindasitiri, rationalism uye urudzi. Kunyange chaizvo pfungwa "yebudiriro" zvikuru Kuchinja zvarinoreva. Paiva mabasa inonyatsozivikanwa Karl Marx, ivo kukura yose munzanga yavanhu zvakabatana chaizvo kuti vanoparadza murume mumwe nomumwe.

Ulyanov-Lenin, munguva imwe chete, vakati kuti mubudiriro zvinokwanisika chete panguva apo Vadzvinyiriri vachaparadzwa zvachose. Muchidimbu, yaiva nguva yakaoma. Chii chakaitika Russia yedu pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore? Nhoroondo yacho munguva iyi Zvinosiririsa, yakaoma, azere zvinouraya kuzvipokanidza.

Zvakaipira ane hurongwa nyika itsva

Pakutanga kwezana emakore, rose kuvapo vanhu yasvika pasi mubvunzo guru, nokuti prerequisites nokuda zvikuru zvinotyisa muhondo munhau yacho. Munzira dzakawanda zvakaitika nokuti kuti capitalism akauya padariro chindingindingi. Vagadziri Large zvishoma nezvishoma kwavaiita nevatongi, paiva ubiquitous kubatanidzwa nomumwe guru. Zvido vatengesi vakatanga kuteerera kwete chete upfumi, asi mitemo vakawanda inoti.

Zvinosuruvarisa, Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore, haana vapukunyuka chete muitiro. Zvinokosha zvikuru kuziva kuti chindingindingi guru rave akaumba munyika yedu nokuda zvinhu zvinotevera: Chokutanga, yezwi capitalism muRussia makanga kunonoka; chechipiri, basa reDare gogonera kukura munyika; Chechitatu, anoramba kusaruramisira izere vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo rukoko akanga achikura kuparadzana pakati evanhu strata munyika.

Chii chakaitika mumagakava upenyu kumwedzi?

Mumagakava uye enyika Urongwa ari kunonoka asi kuchinja zvakaitika Russia. Social maumbirwo chavagari raiva heterogeneous chaizvo. Kwamachinda, kunyange vari vashomanana, achiri akaramba sarudza vanhu vose utariri nzvimbo. Asi munguva tiri achirondedzera vakuru zvikuru nokuzvidira akaenda neVadzidzi bourgeoisie.

Izvi zvakasiyana Russia pakupera kwezana 19-20 emakore. Muchidimbu kukurukura nyaya iyi, zvinganzi akagumisa kuti, "pamupendero" ari echimurenga kufamba miduku yokuruwa achienda, asi hazvisi. Sei?

Kanenge 80% yevanhu vari vanhuwo zvavo. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu capitalist dzinoitwa nechivako yavo akatonyanya heterogeneous: kumativi 20% of yose zvinoberekwa kuunganidza mari uye nenyika, achiva, chaizvoizvo ane analogue kuti varidzi diki; asi vakawanda mararamiro akakodzera kune 15-16 remakore mupenyu.

Kubva pavo rikabuda akawandisa vashandi vari kuramba chakasimudzira upenyu mumaguta makuru. Asi varimi vose, zvisinei "rudzi" zvavo, vakabatana kuti agrarian mubvunzo. Kutaura zvazviri, vakanga yakasungirirwa kunyika yavo, iyo akatendeukira kurasikirwa dongo kunyange vakapfuma pavo. Saka kuti vanhuwo zvavo vaiva muduku aifarira zvikuru munzanga nenyonganyonga: vakanga zvematongerwo enyika, havana kufarira ruzha masirogani. All kuti zvakachinja panguva First World War, kana wechigarire yesosaiti uye zvikwereti hurumende vakaisa vazhinji vavo vatarisana yokupona.

Kana bourgeoisie, kumera munzvimbo quantitative nemashoko, asi enyika basa ichi evanhu stratum kwakanga kunyora nezvavo. basa rayo rakanga nyore: hombe, rakabudirira bourgeoisie akaratidza kuvimbika kuna autocratic simba, apo diki uye svikiro akadana zviduku zvachinja upenyu zvematongerwo enyika munyika.

vanoshanda kirasi

Kupfuura zvose zvakafanira nokushanda kirasi. Pakazosvika 1913, vashandi vaiumba anenge 20% yevanhu, uye mamiriro avo upenyu uye basa dzimwe nguva chaizvoizvo "bestial" sina hunhu. Kutaura zvazviri, kusvikira 1906 hapana kunyange kufarira kuti vadzivirire sezvineiwo kodzero dzavo. Saka Russia 19-20 emakore, kure kubva Russia ramakore rechi18. The mazano zvokurima, kushaya zvokushandisa uye kuzvidza upenyu hwevanhu ...

Kunokosha! Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvino vazhinji Western uye aifarira-Western dzekare achisimbirira, kunyange vashandi Western Europe uye United States yakanga mupenyu nani zvikuru uye kushanda ezvinhu, hazvina kudaro: afambire mberi Western proletariat chakaitika chete pashure 1917, apo hurumende, nevanopikisana navo chaiyo zvinogona nerokuchema pasi munzanga, akamuita nyasha zhinji.

officialdom

Oga, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti munguva iyoyo aigara uye yakatanga bureaucratic mumagariro stratum. Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu ava yaitongwa Russia pakupera kwezana 19-20 emakore. Nemhaka vakuru hurumende yeRussia akaumba munhu anotambura, apo mirairo kunyange duku panguva nyika zvinodiwa zvakagoverwa vachingoshandisa makambani "yavo", izvo kazhinji dzakanaka mari pabasa kakawanda.

Kunyanya zvakajeka kurondwa bureaucratic chindingindingi kuti mabhanga: vakapa akanaka zvikwereti chete chete makambani ayo, izvo makadzivisa zvikuru kukura bhizimisi uye mukugadzira. Saka, rukoko urwu kune chokuita huru bourgeoisie muridzi uye kwamachinda, zvido vanodzivirirwa kwose kwose. Izvi zvakasiyana Russia pakupera kwezana 19-20 emakore. Socio-zvoupfumi munyika kuWestern Europe akaenda zvikuru nokukurumidza, nokuti munyika idzi pemahombekombe vari zvikuru kuda kupa mari kuti private nemauto uye maindasitiri maduku, vaigona kuumba uye kuedza kugadzirwa nzira itsva.

mapirisita

Zvakanga asi imwe kirasi ropafadzo. In Nemuromo, zvakanga aifanira kutevera tsika munzanga, asi chaizvoizvo zvikazooneka kuitira kuti vafundisi akavimbiswa kuroorwa anenge chete kutsigira autocracy. Kazhinji, Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore yaiva nyika, Zvinoshamisa yemhuri uye zvechitendero. The Church anopfuurira kuva kufungwa kuvanhuwo zvavo vasina kudzidza rakakura zvikuru.

The kwaita vakadzidza

rukoko Izvi chaiwo aumba vamwe munzanga, uye pane kuti aiva ani kunyorerana kune vaakasarudza zvoupfumi zvinoriumba. Kazhinji, kuti intelligentsia ane zvipfuwo evanhu chakajairika riri kunyanya richiratidzwa zvakajeka chete munguva Alexander II.

Ataurazve, vaongorori vakawanda zvavainyora dzinofungidzira kuti Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore, akasvika "rakadzikadzika pokuchinja" chete nokuda mukirasi iyi, asi chokwadi ichi haana. Oddly zvakakwana, asi vakadzidza panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvisingagoni kuyerwa kure echimurenga pfungwa. Mukupesana, vamiririri rukoko urwu vakatsigira pfungwa hweruzhinji muvanhu, uye ivo waitsigira kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja uye Kushandurwa socio-enyika rukoko pasina chimbichimbi, ropa nyonganyonga.

Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti pakazosvika mangwanani ramakumi remakore, vazhinji vakadzidza, kunzwa kwavo Nokureva asingabatsiri chaiwo nokuchinja, vauya nehanya chisimba "rinofanirawo zvakaipa", pasina izvozvo havazokwanisi kuita.

Basa wokumwe guta

Sezvo panguva ino, Russia yave anokwezva chipfuro kuti dzimwe mari, sezvo guru yakatsvuka zvinhu reserves uye anongoda vakasununguka basa anobvumirwa kugamuchira chaizvo mari pasina rakawandisa mutengo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, guta guru wokumwe achishingaira spliced kune epamba, iyo pave mberi vapfume vakuru uye munzanga stratification.

Saka, chii chaiva Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore? Muchidimbu, yaiva nyika ine incredible zveupfumi stratification munzanga, kushayikwa kufarira kutonga madenderedzwa chaizvoizvo kuchinja uye kuchinja. Panguva iyoyowo, nyika iri aida zvakasimba pakarepo mazuvaano uye maindasitiri. Kupedza izvi zvose anazvo rinehochekoche, kuchinja vanhu, ane kugara uye chirwere kuperevedza mari iri muhomwe.

The dambudziko tichitarisa kuzvipokanidza

Mushure dambudziko 1900-1903, nyika yakanga "iri bhinzi," hakuna mari zvachose. Pashure pehondo pamwe muJapan wokumwe chikwereti akasimuka rubles mabhiriyoni mana goridhe. Pfupikisa mumazuva iwayo nyore incredible. Hurumende akaedza kuderedza dhefisiti cheHurumende bhajeti nokuwedzera mutero mutoro, kuderedza mari zvoupfumi, zvechiuto uye tsika zvirongwa. Investments kwenguva yakati akabvumira kuchengeta upfumi yerera, ndicho chete pamusoro avaida First World War, kubhadhara pakati rubles mamiriyoni 450 pagore.

Chaizvoizvo, chete chikwereti kuzorodzwa uye hurumende Nicholas akapinda hondo iri mhiri Entente. Step kurwara-pamuviri uye kwakaita kuti nemafashamo nemigumisiro. Ndizvo zvakataurwa dzinoratidzwa Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore: kukura socio-zveupfumi akagadzira imwe nedhambakura kuti kumhanya, firmed ari nevanhu remakore rapfuura, zviremera akaita kunonoka uye kurerutsa.

"Nyaya Grocery"

How kupa zvigadzirwa Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore? Agriculture yakatanga kukuru kwazvo nzira, vanhuwo zvavo havana kunyange chinyakare nzira, yose nyika yaisazova dialed uye mbiri nematarakita anofamba. Goho vaiva pasi, asi uri musika nyika, Russia haana rudo: iye aitengesa yakakura kwazvo zviyo panguva kutengeserana mitengo, vachiita chaiyo marara. zviyo ichi underserved vanhu rehurumende nzara nyaya dzaiva chinhu akajairwa.

Saka Russia akararama pakupera kwezana 19-20 emakore: upfumi kwaibva kusingadzorwi vanoparadza chisingakoshi dzevanhu zvinhu, mafekitari vakanga yakavakirwa vachingoshandisa dzimwe dzinopiwa kuti "woga" pedyo chete vakuru, zvichiguma kukura chaiwo anoda kusvika asipo.

The womukati wokuti ehurumende

The Politika rose Nikolaya yakavakwa pamusoro pemisimboti simba guru. Yose tsika hurumende yakanga yakagadzirirwa nechokwadi kuti Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore (nhoroondo Rakaratidza fallacy iri nzira) akaramba kuva autocratic nyika. Against ichi nechekumashure, ichiri kudzamisa munzanga Mipata pakati dzakasiyana akaturikidzana wokuRussia munzanga yacho.

Vaimbova varidzi venzvimbo vanoramba kugamuchira yakanakisisa nyika, apo vanhuwo zvavo vakaungana vari varombo, shoma Holdings. Zviremera vakaramba dzarwo uye mutengo kugadzirwa ari kushanda zvaibiwa kwakaenderera munyika yake, uye raiva bhizimisi chaiye.

Tanga refocusing pamusoro mudzimba vaburitsi

Kuti vakadaro aiva Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore. General Unhu anogona kukuita pfungwa hurumende pasina kuramba kugadzirwa yavo. Zvinosuruvarisa kazhinji zvechokwadi ichi zvakaitika, asi pamwe nguva mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuchinja. Kunonoka, asi mberi kwakanga.

Saka, kunoramba mutero (1891), muna 1900-1903, hurumende akaedza kutsigira epamba bhizimisi uye rwezvemabhengi system (unogona fembera kupi mari akaenda) wakatangwa. Hurumende akatoedza kuchengeta kudzora nascent kufamba vanhuwo zvavo uye vashandi, kuronga muchato wavo pamutemo.

political okuchinja

Muna 1905, pakupedzisira ivo Constitutional-Democratic Party yakaumbwa pamusoro kusikwa iyo vakaomerera progressives zvose iyoyo. Party kuti "kusundira" pfungwa pakusika munhu paramende pamwe makamuri maviri, uyewo kudzorerwa nheyo akateya pasi dare kuchinja zvinhu 1864 gore.

The muParamende vakatsvaka kwakakwana abolition kuti kudzikinurwa muripo kuvarimi (a kakasaririra wechokwadi muuranda remakore rechi20!), Panokurukurwa kugovera nyika vachida payo, zvinganaka kurambidza nguva, nonnormable nebasa vashandi, uyewo kuomerera pane kutanga chaiyo wemhosva mutoro Entrepreneurs vaya kutyora zvatinopiwa ari basa Act.

Kuti vakadaro aiva Russia pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore (pfupiso). Grade 9 chikoro chesekondari kudzidza chete nyaya, asi rokudzidzisa zvinopa kukwana kuongorora zvinokonzera kuti kwakaita kuti kurwadziwa pamagariro evanhu nguva.