Red Army kaunda-kunogumbura pedyo Moscow. Moscow Anorova Back

Underestimation muvengi - nguva dzose chikanganiso chikuru kunyange bhora musango, tisingatauri hondo huru. Mukuedza kuwana pamusoro Soviet Union muna pfupi zvichibvira nguva, kuziva anonzi blitzkrieg, murayiro mukuru Nazi Germany miscalculated. Kubudirira yokutanga akashandura musoro Wehrmacht: mauto eGermany pedyo Moscow yaive pakupera muzhizha, uye vanofanira kunge Hitler akafunga kuti wemanomano zvaitwa. Asi guta guru kwakanga chakaoma kwaari. Yaiva imwe vanodzoka pfungwa kuti zvikurumidze mararamiro hondo uye akabhadhara nokukunda kufora German muna kunonyadzisa kutiza, izvo yakaguma kuzviuraya of Führer.

Apo Earth rotates kare

Nechekare aneta kurwa uye kuramba shure of Red Army aifanira kunzwa, maererano vokuGermany, Kuparara. Zvisinei, vaNazi pachavo aneta. Chero Nokurasikirwa kana akatakura mauto Soviet, ushingi kuramba navo zvakanga zvisingabviri. Mushure kuvhunduka kwemazuva muhondo ose padiki wake yechizvarigo wokutanga Red Army akarwa dzinotyisa.

The umhare kudzivirira guta (yakadai kunozivikanwa Mogilev) - yakanakisisa uchapupu. Maziviro vokuGermany akatamira kumabvazuva, kwaiva pachena munzira dzakawanda. The Nokurasikirwa vaiva kukuru, asi Wehrmacht vaidavira kuti vanotsigira Moscow vari chinotokurudzira zvikuru vaora mwoyo mamiriro. Pasinei chokwadi kuti mavambo chando, zvakava pachena kuti kumberi ruchatambanudzirwa, mauto vari vakaparadzirwa, vokuGermany achiri aida chiito pedo Moscow: kuti kubatwa guru kwaikosha kwete mauto chete, asiwo zvepfungwa.

Hurumende Soviet vainzwisisa nengozi, uye zviri pachena kuti pfungwa kuita muenzaniso Kutuzov - kupisa guta uye yokuupa kune muvengi - mune dzimwe pfungwa vakadzungaira, uye zvikuru rinopikisa. Tadzokera mangwanani October, paiva chirongwa kuparadza Moscow Metro: chiteshi aida kukanganisa, midziyo - kupwanya, motokari - rubanzu rwemberi. October 15 General Staff Kudzivirira kushandisa chisarudzo pamusoro kubvisa guru uye 16 wokutanga (uye chete) nguva hariwaniki munhoroondo Moscow Metro. The guta akanyahwaira zvinotyisa nerunyerekupe vemo Akatya.

Akarayira kuparadzwa kuchiteshi kwave akadzima manheru 16 October: Stalin akasarudza kugara. Zvichakadai, pamberi nyaya ichiri havana kuenda zvakanaka. It yakashuma Zvinhu nevaFascist raisangana December 1941, pedyo Moscow, uye zvaiita kuti Wehrmacht akanga kuda kutora kwokupedzisira nesimba uye kunovimbisa kukunda. Kutaura zvazviri, izvozvo zvakachinja. Asingadi kurega USSR wakanamatira ose chitsama. Front Anotambanudza zviuru makiromita, uye pasinei nokuti huru mauto eGermany vakanga dzichiitika chete kumabvazuva (kuva vakatendeseka, Europe haana zvakare akaramba), kuguma autumn, zvakava pachena kuti kuvirima kukunda Soviet Union akakundikana.

Kugadzirira gore

Zvichakadai , Soviet murayiro haana kurasa chipo nguva uye vachigadzirira pamwero mukuru pakaunda-tsamwisa of Red Army pedyo Moscow. Kunyange pakati autumn, kwete mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka umo zvikuru kurwisana kwakaitika, Dare Command akawana nzira kuumba sedziva gumi nevaviri mauto uye kusimbisa nechekare vachirwa. Panguva iyoyo ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna chokwadi kuti mauto matsva havasi kuti vazvidzivirire, asi zvikuru nekusiyana. Vakapedza kwazvo zvishoma, navatariri vakagamuchira yakajeka mirairo kugadzirira vanhu vake kundorwa pasi kurwiswa.

By mukupera kwematsutso, zvakava pachena kuti Wehrmacht akaridza mhere: nokukurumidza mberi Musanyura, uye pane dzimwe anotambanudza nechemberi, mauto eSoviet akakwanisa konzera zvakakomba kukuvadza vaNazi, kumanikidza kukanganwa pamusoro kupemberera pedyo ari kubatwa kuMoscow. idzodzo Soviet vakava akasungirirwa munzvimbo aifanira kuita. Akasimbisa kurudyi nekuruboshwe pachiuno of Western Front, izvo zvaireva aitungamirira basa iri kukasaitwa kushanda: somuenzaniso, anopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu ndege zvose zvinobatanidzwa pana Moscow, anoenda kubatsira Zhukov.

Kunobudirira kutanga oparesheni

Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti uzive kana kuti kutanga pakaunda-tsamwisa of Red Army pedyo Moscow, uye ndinofanira kutaura kuti panyaya iyi murayiro Soviet rakaratidzwa tarenda hunoshamisa muchiuto. Sezvo vanoti, kupenya mutungamiri rechiuto uyo anoziva kuita zvisarudzo vasingatsanyi chete asiwo nemazvo. Mukutanga Muchando, zvinhu zvakanga zvisingagoni zvikuru kubudirira. Zvakakodzera mutsetse rokudzivirira hurongwa haripo, uye murayiro yakakodzera rave vagamuchira (ruchapinda, asi chete musi December 8, apo kurwisa mauto pedyo Moscow rwakatora mazuva matatu, uye nguva inokosha akanga rarasika).

Pasi urongwa kushanda kuna Western Front rakanga nokukurumidza nhevedzano zvibhakera kuti kukanda shure muvengi kurudyi rworuboshwewo (pokutungamirira Solnechnogorsk, Istra, Klin, Bogoroditsk uye muzvikamu).

The yeimwe of kwakadziva kumadokero Front aifanira kupindira pamusoro dace, uye kana kubudirira, kutanga muna Orel. The wechitatu mberi, kupindira mukushanda, - Kalininskij - vakagamuchira rwisana basa kufamba akananga uye kugarwa Mikulino Turginovo tarisiro kuva shure muvengi mitsetse.

Air Force zvakare akatarisana rakaoma: rumwe rutivi, kutsigira Soviet counteroffensive pedyo Moscow, pane dzimwe - kudzivirira guta kubva kubhombiwa kuti vava yaizivikanwa vagari nezuva hondo yokutanga. On the ndege akanzi ave akachenjera zvinhu zvinokosha. Kazhinji, kuti BBC airidza inokosha basa mukushanda chikuru kuona nei hondo.

Pakuenzanisa Mauto

Pasinei chokwadi kuti nokusimbaradza zvose fronts matatu zvinobatanidzwa mukushanda, akapiwa soro pokutanga, ukuru vaNazi achiri pachena. Mauto eSoviet akanga vakaderera kwenhamba (kunyanya) maoko.

Kuraswa chikwata tsamwisa aiva vashandi zviuru mazana matanhatu vashoma (1,7 - vaFascist, 1,1 - the Red Army), zviuru chete 7,6 pfuti uye mumaturi pamusoro 13.5 zviuru vokuGermany, 774 dzehondo pamusoro .. . muvengi 1.17 zviuru. Ukuru akanga chete avhiyesheni: German ndege - 615 Soviet - 1000. Asi kunyange chizoro nhunzi iri chizoro aivapowo, nekuti vakawanda kupfuura hafu (anenge 53%) ndege yacho Red Army vaiva vamiririri yakare, kwete kushanda, kugadziriswa.

The huru kurwadzisa inini pachiuno ari "Center" German. Panguva kuramba tichishanda hondo vari vanotambudzika zvikuru: zvinenge zvose kumativi akapoteredzwa nemauto eSoviet.

chisingatombotarisirwi furidza

Trump kadhi raiva kushamisika: kutanga pakaunda-zvaigumbura muvengi zvakandishamisa wakakwana. Zvinofanira akati kuti gadziriro wavanozvisunga yakanga kuitwa nedzidziso pakavanda, uye kwakanga kusina Germany kana nzira kana nemhanza kuti nomurindi kunosora kubva urongwa zvazvingava yeSoviet.

Large Nyanzvi nemauto - zvose mumhuri uye vatorwa - vanoziva kuti Moscow Nenjodzi Back dzinongoita kunounzwa aibudirira pakatanga kushanda. Vanombonzwa hondo yomuvengi chapera, haana nguva kuomesa. The configuration nechemberi mutsetse, umo pachiwuno nomuvengi vakanga kushanda akapoteredzwa, akapa mukana mukurusa Red Army - uye iye akatora mukana wavo.

Wokutanga December 5, muna predawn murima, yakarova kuKalinin Front kubatana, zuva rakatevera, vachitsigirwa ne nevarwi Western uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Pakutanga chakaita zvishoma nezvishoma wakaona vokuGermany vakakwanisa kumanikidza vavengi akanaka kurwira ose akavakirirwa pfungwa. Movement kudziviswa uye chando deposits: zviripo kuenda kure akapfumbira njanji, uye rinoshamisa anova matambudziko chaizvo. Complicating nyaya nokuti chokwadi kuti Hondo Moscow muna 1941-1942. Yaiva guru rokutanga tsamwisa of Red Army: varwi Soviet pamberi nokusingaperi wana Zvakasiyana ruzivo, kwete kushumira sezvo zvinoshandisa pakurima.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kuti mapoka muvengi vabude - kunyange yakaoma uye chibayiro chikuru. Pazuva kurwisa mamwe yeimwe rokutanga akakwanisa kuyambuka Volga uye vanotyisidzira yomuvengi rwemberi.

kuvaka pamusoro kubudirira

The kaunda-tsamwisa of Red Army pedyo Moscow akatanga nokukurumidza kuwedzera rakawanda pazuva rechipiri pashure kwayo. 1st uye yechi30 Army vakanga ichifamba zvikuru briskly yakananga Klina, 20 Ini kudzingana muvengi nenzira Solnechnogorsk uye rechi16 - muna Istra. Achiri zvinobudirira kufamba akananga Tula. Rechi10 Army, vachitsigirwa aifamba nemabhiza uye matangi zvisingatarisirwi kukurumidza kufambira mberi musi Stalinogorsk.

Kufambira budiriro akauyisa mamwe kuvhiringidzika iri kusvika mutete kuhondo muvengi, zvinoita asingakundiki. Usatarisira munhu kurwisa pachena Soviet Union, Hitler akanga asina kugadzirira sei nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama. Mugumisiro aiva Moscow Anorova Back. Chete 8 December kusvika Führer, sezvo vachiti, vakaziva kuti nemauto kubudirira nomuvengi - Chiitiko hakusi neapo uye asingashumbi, asi nokungwarira aronga uye kugadzirira zvakanaka. Directive nhamba 39, akarayira mhare mauto ake kutamira dzaidzivirira yose Eastern Front.

Chikonzero kukundikana chinzvimbo zvirongwa foni zvose zvakafanana kunozivikanwa Russian chando, izvo kunyange Napoleon kuudza zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvinhu. Her tsamwisa Herr Adolf vamwe chikonzero inonzi "vakurumidze", kureva nematambudziko romugove, ndokusaka kurwa kuti Moscow uye vasina kubudirira. Chiito akarayira chete boka "South" Army, uye kuti kana kunze inoita. Asi 41st chando asingadi kusvika 6 madhigirii November, Pachando kwaingova pakutanga December (kwaiva madhigirii 28 pazasi razero), asi sezvo vachiti, munda chete vose. Uye zvakanga vakurumidze kutaura chando December 5 sezvineiwo kunyatsoti zvakarurama.

Mumipata napazvikomo

Zvichakadai, advanced mberi, asi haana kugutsikana nokufamba Supreme Headquarters. Zvadaro kwakasarudzwa kubhadhara zvishoma pfungwa rearguard, ngatiende hondo, kuwana kuenda mauto eGermany uye kukonzera pakarepo ukapisa murwi ari shure. Mobile anokwana zviyero, zvikuru kuumbwa mune nhamba wehondo, ikawanda kwazvo pamusoro kunyatsoshanda: Dzvuku Army pakaunda-tsamwisa pedyo Moscow, akanga zvikuru kubudirira. Zvino, ose akavakirirwa nzvimbo haana akazorora, uye vaidzivisa naye uye vakamhanya, vachisiya rearguard German shure chepfuma, apo mugumo wake kare chisimbiso.

Kwemazuva mana, kubva 6 kusvika 10 December, mauto eSoviet aiuya akasunungura anenge mashanu yawo. A yakawanda matangi, pfuti, motokari uye midhudhudhu vakakanda kuenda vavengi.

December 13 Sovinformburo pakupedzisira akakwanisa kuti chinhu unofadza vayo. Mashoko akanaka, Chokwadi, akasimudzira morale of Red Army uye afuridzire tariro rehurumende vakawanda, yakavatevera mberi dzayo bated mweya.

Kubudirira guru raiva kukunda vemo pana kuKalinin, uko 31 fung Army akakwanisa kucheka anenge ose nzira yevaNazi mashoko. Kana yechi30 Army of Western Front akasvika pedyo p. Lama, vokuGermany vakasiya guta, anotya encirclement.

Akurudzirwa kubudirira, mauto eSoviet sezvo muvengi napoddat kuti shure ikava mumhirizhonga: anenge zvose zvokushandisa zvakanga mumaoko nemauto eSoviet. December 16 kuKalinin akaita aidzora Red Army.

Local vabudirira Strategic kukunda

A mwedzi atanga kurwisa, January 7, 1942, ari kuKalinin Front kubatana akauya Rzhev, Selizharovo uye zino nokutora panzvimbo yakanakira hondo kuchamhembe kutambudzika boka German "Center".

Vakabudirira vaiva nezviito Western Front, izvo, KUKUNDA nemishonga, uye dzimwe nguva chaizvo hasha, zvisingadzoreki kuchienderera mberi. December 12 akasunungura Solnechnogorsk, rechi15 - Wedge, rechi20 - Volokolamsk.

The morale of kuenda kazhinji kunosiya zvakawanda anodikamwa. Pachena, kwete pasina, December 16, Hitler akawana zvakakodzera kutsivira yayo rinoratidza nhamba 39 kuti izvo yakakurudzira kuti kudzivirira "hwokunyanyisa kusimba" vabatisise panguva mari zvose uye zvichingodaro. D.

kana kuti kuita, kana vokuGermany vakasvika vakasvinura, asi vakakwanisa kuwana midzi chaiwo Muganhu penzizi Lama uye Ruza. kuedza zvose vakakundikana kukurira kurwisa. The Red Army aifanira kugara ikoko uye vawane nzvimbo pakati vakakunda zvinzvimbo.

Guerrillas aiva rubatsiro rukuru, pasina iro mukukunda Moscow aigona kupiwa kwakanyanya chaizvo. Ivo Vakarwisa kuenda divi Nazi, kuparadza dzokuchengetera German, yaiitisa ushori, kuwana mashoko anokosha.

Kuruboshwe Bapiro Western Front, hondo yakatanga hombe-pamwero tsamwisa yakananga Kaluga - chikuru senga nomusimboti. Zviri pachena kuti izvozvo zvaitika haana aenderane vokuGermany. Command "Center", chisarudzo chakaitwa kuwana nzvimbo iri Oka mubatirire mutsetse zvodii, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, uye akaudza Fuehrer kufarira.

Kusunungurwa basa

Zhukov Ainyatsoziva chii chichaitika, saka akarayira kuti titevere muvengi, kwete kubvumira kuti zororo uye vawane nzvimbo. Nokufamba kurwa basa 49th Army, nokukurira kurwisa kwevaNazi, akatora Tarusa musi 19 December. It akakwanisa kwete kamwe - kunyange aitofanira pakarepo kutsikwa kubva shure.

Zvichakadai, 50th Army mberi Kaluga. Advanced Mobile chikwata vakamhanyira kuguta asi December 21, asi vokuGermany asina kuberekwa vakanga zuro. Mazuva mapfumbamwe chete gare gare, musi December 30, Kaluga akasunungurwa anorenda nokuda 49th uye rechi50 nehondo.

By January 8 vakasunungurwa Kozelsk, Belev, Meshchovsk uye mazana nemamwe misha zviduku. Red Army zvidzidzo asingatyi akayambuka Oka. The Battle of Moscow (1942) akanga akunda. Zvisinei, pakanga pachine makore nemakore hondo.

Regai osiyana esprit of Corps masoja akarwa mauto kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero Front. Mazuva gumi pashure kutanga kushanda, vakanga vaenda makiromita ane zana kumavirira uye vasvika kumahombekombe erwizi. Kshen, anokunda mazana vamapoka muchiuto kwemashoko muvengi. Anenge mazana mana nemisha (kusanganisira dace uye Efremov), bvisai basa.

Chokwadi, vanhu vokuGermany havana kuenda kuzvipira. Kunyange zvakadaro, musi waDecember 26, vakasiya Naro-Fominsk, 28 ndipo - Balabanovo, Ndira 2 - Maloyaroslavets, uye 4-nayo Borovsk.

Zvakazoitika uye kukosha hondo

By January 8, 1942 Hondo Moscow, mune pfupi, kwave yakahwina, uye akahwina sowakajeka. Mauto akasvika kumiganhu Selizharovo - Ruza - Mtsensk vokuGermany akakanda avhareji 200 km kubva Moscow. Somugumisiro kuvhiyiwa vakasunungurwa anopfuura chiuru nemisha, zvakatipoteredza yava hazviiti Tula. Kwemwedzi, umo kwakatora hondo Moscow, vokuGermany akatambudzika hombe nezvinhu - anenge mazana maviri nezviviri vashandi (168 zviuru chete. Ground mauto). 11 matangi inifanduri nokupesana anopfuura makumi maviri akavhuniwa.

An chinokosha ezvinhu yekubudirira waiva Kufambisa ari fronts matatu uye rutsigiro ndege akanaka - zvino murayiro Rakaratidza tarenda uye dzidzo.

Soviet Masoja akava zvakajeka kuti norunyerekupe pamusoro "invincibility" yaHitler wehondo, iro akaisa pamusoro wake pamabvi zvinenge zvose Europe, anopfuura ingano. Kuti matangi German "kutsva chive chinonhuhwira mweya," uye masoja anogona shure kune "kunorumbidzwa" swiftness.

Chokwadi, zvaikosha chaizvo kuti muvengi vasingagoni andobata renyika. Moscow munguva yehondo (uye kwete chete) yakanga isingori guta, asi chiratidzo pakati kurwisa reSoviet wehurumende.

Kubudirira revarwi eSoviet akamanikidza zvikuru vanoshingaira vatsigiri USSR. Ngaatorerwe pamberi wechipiri wakavhurwa chete muna 1944, hazvingaiti kuti ichokwadi kuti vanoti hwokugadzira uye mamwe rubatsiro rakanga okushamisira.

Zvinogona Vabatsiri the Third Reich yaHitler kukundwa pedo Moscow, nekusiyana, dzakamanikidzwa vamire vakamirira: somuenzaniso, vamwe manyuko vanoti Turkey uye Japan panyaya iri kubatwa of Moscow yakagadzirira pachena kubatana kurwisa Soviet Union. Pashure unorema kukundikana iyo vakatambura vokuGermany achinyengera nevatsigiri akavanda, vachisarudza havo kurega kuita.

Kukosha pakaunda-tsamwisa hazvigoni dzakanaka: Chokutanga, kwaiva wokutanga guru-pamwero tsamwisa of Red Army. Kubva inokosha uye mupfungwa nemaonero chaiva chikuru budiriro. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda muchiuto vanodavira kuti hondo Moscow zvishoma asi nomazvo pakunzi "chakachinja hondo", iro akafanosarudza zvinozoitika kwayo. Mamiriyoni evanhu kondinendi akazviratidza tariro yokupedzisira.

Asi Chikurukuru, kukunda kutenda vakaroverera mumwoyo varwi pachavo. Ivo pakupedzisira vakaona kuti vanogona here kurwisa vokuGermany. Uye kwete kuti abate chinzvimbo, uye kuti ndiwane vakarasika nenharaunda.