R & D - zviri ...

Basa sainzi chaizvo munzanga yanhasi nokuti anosarudza kukura kwenzanga uye pakatanga nesayenzi uye michina mberi kunoguma zvoupfumi bhora uye muupenyu hwevanhu. R & D, chii ichocho? Kubatana uku mabhii zvimwe mashoko zvoupfumi rokutanga. R & D - imwe Acronym kuti inomira yokutsvakurudza uye kukura mabasa, kunzwisiswa se dzakaunganidzwa mabasa omerera chidzoke zivo itsva uye avo kushanda ari kukura uye kusikwa michina mitsva kana zvigadzirwa.

A nhamba masangano akasiyana ndiyo akarondedzera munda kutsvakurudza uye kubudirira. Izvi zvakasiyana zvokutsvakurudza ne madhipatimendi dzavo, bvunzo site, magadzirirwo bureaus uye mutyairi wendege kugadzirwa.

R & D - a inodhura zvemari bhora hwenyika. Nokuti ayo kukura, izvozvo kunoda mari uye zvinhu zvedu, uyewo refu zvinodiwa vashandi uye saka chakakomba pamwero ngachipiwe chete kupfuura dzakabudirira.

The Soviet Union akabhadhara yakawanda kuteerera kukura kutsvakurudza uye kugadzira basa. Pakazosvika 90 fung remakore rechi20 zviri indasitiri vakashandisa vatsvakurudzi anopfuura mamiriyoni 2. Vanopfuura 70% zviitiko kwesayenzi uye tsvakurudzo muSoviet Union kwakaitika Russian Federation. Sayenzi iri USSR chaiva sectors matatu: indasitiri, yunivhesiti uye zvedzidzo. More yambokurukurwa zvose indasitiri kwemauto, apo vakanga vachipisira kunyanya zvechiuto uye maindasitiri zvokutsvakurudza ne nepurani.

Mari sayenzi munguva eSoviet akanga akatakurwa kunze kunyanya neHurumende bhajeti, iro rave zvikuru kuderedzwa ari 90s, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvinokosha zvinoderedza bhuku pakukura uye tsvakurudzo. Kuwanda vatsvakurudzi muRussia muna 2002 yakaderera nezvikamu zvinopfuura kaviri zvichienzaniswa 1990, uye vakasvika 420 000 vanhu. Vashandi vakawanda kubva yesayenzi bhora kubatana nevamwe "vezvokutengeserana" kwemauto: chikwereti uye mabasa zvemari, kutengeserana, etc. Vamwe zvikuru vanokwanisa vanachiremba vakaenda kunoshanda dzimwe nyika.

In ezvinhu kwakandiomera vaiva kwesayenzi chirongwa magadzirirwo masangano, dzaiva pamusoro arikunze. Kwokudiwa yokutsvakurudza uye kubudirira pasi kwazvo duku. Somugumisiro pakutanga ichi remakore, pachine hombe wevasungwa okukura uye kutsvakurudza Moscow, Moscow nharaunda (50% okukura) uye St. Petersburg (10% okukura zvose).

R & D yokuRussia iri pari kusangana dzakaoma - kuderedza vashandi mubasa pakutsvakurudza uye kukura. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri Russian Federation ane rechishanu kupfuura nhamba yevashandi munyika, iyo iri mubasa R & D uye nhamba Vatsvakurudzi

R & D - zviri yakarongeka zvikuru dzinodhura, uye tsvakurudzo mari uye kubudirira mune yokutanga mamiriro, uye saka zvinoderedza bhuku mari dzinounzwa kuna nokutsvakurudza uye kukura, ari nyore akatsanangura - hurumende "anoponesa" pamusoro nesayenzi. Asi "mari" akadaro chete kunotungamirira backwardness munyika upfumi munyika. Private nemabhizimisi, zvinosuruvarisa haina chokuita mari kutsvakurudza. Chimwe chikonzero unopinza kuderera R & D ndiko kuderedza rechiuto zvekushandisa mari, kusanganisira kuongorora zvechiuto uye kukura nhoroondo inokosha mugove kutsvakurudza uye kubudirira mune kweSoviet.

Munyika yanhasi, ine upfumi huru pasina simba mumhuri sayenzi, izvo zvaizoita kuti nezvatinovavarira pamusoro yayo yemhando kukura, zvichida pane dzimwe nzvimbo zvikuru kubudirira kukura nyika kusvika, uye saka Concept 2020 achipfeka kuwedzera mari wokutsvakurudza uye kukura mune 2020 kusvika 3% .