Pskov nhare: nhoroondo nekuongororwa

Kumhembe kuchamhembe kwekumaodzanyemba kweRussia kunotambanudza ndima yakawanda, kubva muzana remakore reXI rinotaurwa mumanyori sehutungamiri hwePocrkov. Sezvo munguva iyoyo yekare, apo yakaberekwa uye yakasimbiswa, hupenyu hwakayerera zvisingaiti, hwakasarudzwa kurusvingo kunze kwemasvingo ane masvingo akaoma. Nokudaro vakatanga kunzi maguta avo, uye apo masvingo acho aive akasimba zvikuru-nhare. Nezvevamwe vavo vakangoramba vachiyeuka, asi iyo dzimba dzenzvimbo yeP Pskov, dzakanga dzakagadzirirwa kurarama kusvika mumazuva edu, uye nanhasi dzinomira sezviyeuchidzo zvikuru zvemazuva avo.

Kuberekwa kweguta-nhare

Iyo yakakura uye yakakurumbira yekugadzirisa maitiro enyika ino ndiyo Fort Psress, iyo chinyorwa chinogona kuonekwa munyaya yacho. Zuva rairo rayo rakarongwa munzvimbo inonyanya kukosha pamusangano weGreat uye Pskov nzizi hazvizivikanwi. Uyewo yakabviswa pamapeji ehupenyu uye nekugadzwa kweguta pacharo. Asi yekutanga kunyorwa kwegore rinosvika kune 903. Mu "Tale ye Bygone Makore" munyori wenhau Nestor, achitaura nezvewanano weChristine Igor, anotaura kuti mudzimai wake akauyiswa kwaari "kubva kuPhkov."

Nokufamba kwenguva, shongwe yeP Pskov yakakura, uye pasi peIvan the Terrible (yezana remakore rechi16) yakanyatsotaridzirwa seimwe yepamusoro uye yakasimba zvikuru muRussia, yakavakwa nemitemo imwechete yekudzivirira. Panguva iyoyo, Pskov pachayo akanga atambanudza miganhu yayo, kuva guta rechitatu reRussia, achibvumira chete Moscow neNovogorod kudarika mberi. Kubva pamapepa emakore iwayo zvinonzwisisika kuti mudunhu rake maiva nemadhonari makumi mana uye nemachechi akawanda eparidzi.

Inaccessible citadel

Pakutanga, nhare yePikkov yakakombwa nemapuranga nemadziro evhu, akavakirwa zvakananga pamharaunda. Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemana, maererano nekutangira kweTatar-Mongol, vakatsiviwa nematombo, uye shure kwemazana maviri emakore basa rezvombo rakawedzera, makumi mana emasvingo akasimbiswa.

Nzvimbo yeimba yakakwirira yaiva yakareba mamita maviri uye yakange yakakombwa nemadziro mashanu ebhandi, akanga ane urefu hwemakiromita mapfumbamwe uye akacheka nemasuo mana. Nhare dzakakwirira dzaive dzakachengetedzwa nemasvingo egadziro, uye kubudirira - dzakawanda pasi pevhu zvinyorwa.

Miracle solution

Inofanira kuonekwa kuti shongwe yePeckov yakavakwa pachishandiswa teknolojia yepamusoro yezviitiko izvi. Masvingo aro nemasvingo akavakwa kubva pamatombo emakona, akasungirirwa nemhepo yakawanda yakasviba, iyo yakavanzwa yakavanzika. Nhasi inozivikanwa kuti lime yekugadzirwa kwayo kwemakore akawanda yakadzimwa mumakomba akakodzera, uye zvino zvakanyatsotsanangurwa zvakaenzana nejecha.

Chimwe chigadziro chinosungirirwa chakawanikwa, chisina kurasikirwa nehuhu hwake kunyange pashure pemakore mazana mashanu. Simba rinowedzera rakapiwa zvivako nekunze kwekupfeka, zvakafanana mune teknolojia yepamusoro pemazuva ano, asi yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasimba.

Bhandi rebwe reimba

Nheyo yenhare yePikkov - Kutsvene Katu Cathedral uye yakatarisana neve veche-yakange yakakombwa norusvingo rwekutanga rwokudzivirira, rinonzi Detinets, kana Krom (the Kremlin). Iyi ndiyo chikamu chekare kudarika nhare. Yakange yakagadzirwa muzana remakore reXI.

Yechipiri nhare yorusvingo, yainzi Dovmontova nezita rePikkov gurukota reDevmont, rakakomba nharaunda iyo ikozvino iri chikamu cheKremlin. Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, rakagara muzvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutonga, zvizhinji zvaro zvaiva mabwe, sezvo nzvimbo dzazvo dzakawanikwa panguva yekuchera matongo.

Wall posadnika Boris

Sezvaiwanzoitika munhoroondo yemaguta, dzakapoteredza masvingo edzimba uye pasi pedzimba dzavo dzekudzivirira dzakakurumidza kukura, mune zvigaro zvekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa nemisika zvakagadzirirwa. Vakatumidzwa posadami, uye sezvavakakura, ivo vaidzivirirwa nemiganhu yekudzivirirwa kwezvivako.

Yakanga iri nokuda kwechinangwa ichi chetatu rusvingo rusvingo rwakavakwa, rwakagamuchira zita reumwe wevatangi vekuvakwa kwayo, posadnik Boris. Yaiva nheyo yakasimba, yakapoteredzwa nemvura yakadzika kunze. Territory, iyo yakazove iri pasi pekudzivirirwa kwayo, yainzi "zastenie", uye pakupedzisira shoko rokuti "rekare" rakawedzerwa kune zita iri.

Masvingo akazadza kuvaka kweimba

Iyi rusvingo yakamira kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechina, shure kwaizvozvo chikamu chikuru chayo chakange chaparadzwa, sezvo chikwata cheiyo nguva chakanga chakura, uye nekuchengeteka kwacho kwaifanira kuwedzera imwe nhare yemasvingo. Ichi chitsva chivakwa - Rusvingo rweMiddle Middle (chechina nebhadharo), rakagadzirwa zvakafanana nechekare-rakagadzirwa neBuris's posadnik, uye nzvimbo yose yakapoteredzwa yakazivikanwa se "New Zasteni". Nhare yePeckov yakanga yakachengetedzwa zvakasimba kubva kune rumwe rutivi rweMupata wePaskov. Ikoko yakanga yakafukidzwa norusvingo, kutanga kwekuvaka iyo yakadzokera kumashure 1404 gore.

Uye, pakupedzisira, yekupedzisira-yechindori yechishanu yezvigadziro - yakagadzirwa nenzira iyo mukati mayo yakanga isingori chikamu chikuru cheguta, asi, uye zvakakosha, chikamu cheMupata wePsykov. Somugumisiro, shongwe yePeckov, iyo nhoroondo panguva iyoyo yakanga yaverengwa kwemazana emakore mazana mashanu, yakanga yasvika zvisingakwanisi kuwana muvengi. Vadziviriri varo havana kutyisidzirwa nenzara kana nyota, sezvo rwizi rukavapa hove nemvura.

Kuguma kwenhare yenhare

Chikamu chokupedzisira chekuvaka kwakashanda kweimba yakasimba chakaitika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, apo, pamirairo yaPeter I, akakurumidza kugadzirira yeNorthern War. Munguva yemakore aya, dzakawanda uye zvigaro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunze zvakavakwa.

Zvinosuruvarisa, kuvaka kwavo kwaiwanzoitwa kune zvinokuvadza zvivakwa zvekare, sekunge zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvaive zviduku, temberi uye shongwe dzakaparadzwa. Mushure mekuiswa kwechibvumirano cheNystadt Peace Treaty muna 1721, izvo zvakagumisa hondo neSweden, nzvimbo yeP Pskov yakarasikirwa nehutano hwechiuto uye pakupedzisira yakawira mukuora.

Nhare, yakashandurwa kuva nhepfenyuro yemuziyamu

Munguva makumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu nemakore makumi maviri ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, matongo ekuchera matongo nekudzorerwa nekudzorera basa zvakaitwa munharaunda yeimba yakakwirira yePikkov pane basa reLeningrad Hermitage. Nhasi Pskov nenhare yaro ndeimwe yenzira dzakakurumbira dzevatariri.

Iko yepamusoro, yeEurope yehutano hwebasa revashanyi inonyatsoratidzwa nezvinyorwa zvakasara mubhuku revashanyi vemunyuziyamu-kuchengetedza, uyewo paIndaneti. Muzhinji vavo mune hutano hwepamusoro uye huwandu hwehutungamiri hwevatungamiri vanoita mazendo. Vachivonga, vashanyi vanogona kuve mupupuriro wezvakaitika zveMamerica yedu, imwe yenzvimbo huru dzaimbova Pskov.

Mhinduro dzacho dzakazarawo nemashoko ekuonga nokuda kwekutarisirwa kwakaratidzwa kumapoka avo kushanyirwa kunzvimbo dzezvakaitika zvePikkov uye nharaunda yacho kwakanga kusingagumi kune rimwe zuva. Paavo vaive nehotera dzakagadziriswa dzakasangana nepamusoro-soro, uye kutakura kwakaitwa mumabhasi emazuva ano akasununguka.

Izborsk nhare (Pskov region)

Kuenderera mberi nehurukuro pamusoro pezvigaro zvekare zvePaskov, hatigoni kutadza kutaurwa nhare, kuvaka iyo inobatanidza nekugadzwa kweguta reIzkitsk, maererano nevatsvakurudzi, vanofambidzana neVII-VIII yezana. Apo mazana matatu emakore gare gare yakakura ikava nzvimbo huru yebhizimisi uye yezvikwata, matanda nemapuranga evhu eimba yakatsiviwa nematombo.

Nhare yeZizborsk (Pskov region) yakaona yakawanda munguva yayo, uye mapeji akawanda anorwadza akawira pachikamu chayo. Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi13, rakapambwa kaviri neGermany knights, uye chete kukunda kwaAlexander Nevsky, yaakawana muna 1242 paLake Peipsi, yakabatsira pakupedzisira kuvabudisa kunze .

Izana remakore gare gare vadziviriri veimba yakasimba vairwisana nekukomba kwevadzidzi veLibonian, uye muna 1367 vakafuratira kubva pamasvingo avo maGermany, avo vakaedza kupinda mukati meguta vachibatsirwa nehondo dzemakondohwe. Munguva yeMatambudziko, nhare yacho yakanga isingawanikwi nokuda kwemauto emudzidzisi weLithuania Alexander Lisovsky, asi mushure mekuguma kweNorthern War, iye, kufanana nehanzvadzi yake Pskov, akarasikirwa nehutano hwehondo uye zvishoma nezvishoma akawira mukuora.

Nhare yeguta reKaporye

Chimwe chiyeuchidzo chinonakidza chekuvakwa kwemazuva ekudzivirira chiri muKaporye (Pskov region). Nhare, iyo iri muguta rino uye ine zita rayo, yakavakwa muna 1237 ne Knights of the Livonian Order, asi makore mana gare gare vakanyadziswa nemauto aPrince Alexander Nevsky. Yakaparadzwa kakawanda uye yakavakwa zvakare. Nguva yokutanga yakaitika muna 1282 semugumisiro wekupandukira kweVaNogorodians pamusoro paMambo Dmitry Alexandrovich, uyo akaedza kuvanza shure kwavo shure kwemasvingo eimba.

Pakupedzisira, akadzokidzwa zvakare nevaSweden, asi nguva imwe neimwe yakadzokera kune maoko avo vekare. Mupi wekupedzisira weimba yakakwirira ndiye muchinda mukuru Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, uyo akaugamuchira sechipo kubva kunaPeter I. Zvisinei, mushure mekufa kwemugadziri wake korona, akawira mukunyadziswa, nhare yakatorwa, uye akaenda kuchivigiro.

Kusiyana nedzimwe dzimba dzeRussia, Kaporye haisati yadzorerwa, uye nharaunda yayo haina kumbovakwa zvakare. Somugumisiro, nhasi nhare iri mune hutsika husina hanya, asi, kune rumwe rutivi, sevanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotenda, izvi zvakabvumira kuchengetedza muhupenyu hwepakutanga huzhinji hwezvinhu zvekuvakwa kwayo.