Prince Meshchersky. Nhoroondo

Shamwari yerunyararo Gavriil Derzhavin akafa , mutungamiri wekugamuchira mucherechedzo Meshersky. Murondedzeri uyu akashungurudzika nekubva kwake zvakanyanya zvokuti akazopindura nehudhi. Pasinei nekusavapo kwemaitiro asinganzwisisiki uye hukuru hunobatanidzwa mumhando, aya makumi masere nemasere mabheji anobata mweya weverengi zvakanyanya kuti kutsvaga ruzivo pamusoro paani Prince Princecherschers uye zvaanozivikanwa zvinotanga kutanga? Icho chinopera-hapana. Munhu mukuru kwazvo, kunyange ari mumiriri wemhuri yekare. Prince Alexander, uyo Derzhavin akanga aine shungu kwazvo, akanyanya kudarika mbeu yake - Vladimir, uyo akanyora semushambadziri, uye akagadzirisa uye akagadzira magazini "Grazhdanin". Asi Mutungamiri Vladimir akatanga kuparidza muna 1887, uye mutezo weDerzhavin "Kufa kweChris Meshchersky" yakanyorwa muna 1779, makore anenge zana akapfuura.

Ode

Rufu nekusingaperi kune mimwe miviri inotaura pamusoro pemumwe nomumwe uye nguva dzose inopindira mumasuo eDerzhavin, kutendeseka kusati kwamboitika uye kupindira kwemashoko-ndicho chikonzero nhetembo idzi dzakakurumidza kuzivikanwa uye dzinoda muverengi. Mune mitsara yavo mafiro akadzama akaiswa pasi pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu husinganzwisisiki uye nyika yakawanda isinganzwisiswi, mukati umo Prince Meshchersky achiri mupenyu. Zvinonyaradza kune muverengi kuti Derzhavin inoratidzira vanhu sechikamu chechisikwa chinogara nekusingaperi, saka vanhu variwo chikamu chekusingaperi, kunyange zvazvo hupenyu hwehupenyu hwega humwe hunopera, hunopedzisira huripo uye hupfumi. Mushure mezvose, munhu chero upi zvake - anokudzwa uye asina basa - anofanira kufa.

Nyanzvi yeDerzhavin yakakwanisa kubatanidza hupenyu pamwe nerufu mukunzwa kufara kwezvokutanga uye zvinosuruvarisa zvekupedzisira, uye wakafa Prince Meshchersky, kubva murunyori wezvakanyorwa nyore, akagamuchira upenyu husingagumi husingaperi-munyori wenhetembo zvakanyanya uye anonyanya kutendeseka nemunyori wehukama hwake hwepedyo. Rufu rwakasuruvara, harina kukanganiswa, harina hanya nekuti upenyu hwose hwegamba mumitsara yeDhezhavin yechipfuva chaive chekufara, kuzere nekunaka uye kugutsikana, unhu hwakanaka uye hukama. Kusvikira pakupedzisira, kudarika kunowedzera zvakajeka nekushorwa uku: hazvibviri kugadzirisa kusvika pakufa kwa Prince Princecherschersky neshoko rokuti "wakaneta". Iko kukanganisa kunoputika mune zvipfeko kunokakavadzana, uyewo nzira yekufananidzira inoshandiswa nemunyori.

Kurwisana kunowanikwa muchimiro chemaodi kunotungamirira kumanzwisiso ekuti chinonzi dialectical chepasi rose chinopesana uye hachikwanisi kubatanidzwa pamwe chete nechinangwa chevanhu. "Ikoko tafura yaiva yemukati - kune bhokisi ikoko ..." - imwe ndima inoshamisa mukugadzirisa kwayo. "Pamusoro pekufa kwaChris Meshchersky" - an ode kusvika kumatanho gumi nerimwe, uko mune mutsara ose hupenyu hunoedza kurwisa rufu.

Confrontation

Mitsara mitatu yemutambo chero upi zvawo wei ode zvinoreva zvakasimba nezvekurwa kwehupenyu nerufu. Izvi zvinotsigirwa pamatunhu akasiyana-siyana ekuisa pasi kwezvinyorwa. Nhepfenyuro dzekufungidzira, kuvaka kwezvivakwa zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja mumitambo yekutinhira nekudaro. Derzhavin inonyanya kushandisa nzira - poetical allegories, iyo inoguma, iyo iri mumabasa evateveri vake, ichaumbwa seyommoron. Iyi inzira yakaoma kwazvo, asiwo inonyanya kutaura: Gogol's Dead Souls, Tolstoy's Living Corpse, Bondarev's Hot Snow-aya mazita anoratidza kufanana kwakakwana kwezvakaitika, manzwiro, uye pfungwa dzepfungwa pakuendesa zvimwe zviitiko.

Derzhavin akava muvambi weizvi nzira yekududzira mumutauro wemitauro. Zvose zvinopesana nenzwi zvinogara pamwe chete mumufananidzo wakafanana - uyu oxymoron. Kusanzwisisana, kupesana muzvinhu zvose - kwete chete mumabasa ose evanhu, mumararamiro ake, asi hupenyu hwose hune oxymoron ndoga, saka hukuru hwechokwadi muzvikamu zveiyi. Kuongorora kwendima "Pamusoro pekufa kwaChris Meshchersky" zvinoratidza zvakajeka izvo zvichange zvichange zvasimbiswa, zvichivandudzika uye kusvika pakukwirira kuchawedzera kukanganisa kwepfungwa yebasa racho. Somuenzaniso, mutsara unoti: "Nhasi ndiMwari, uye mangwana guruva." Izvi zvinoreva zvinotevera: isu takaberekwa kufa, uye nerufu upenyu hwedu hunogamuchirwa. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo pfungwa huru inoita uye Dhezhavin basa guru mubasa iri.

Prince Alexander Meshchersky

Ode, yakanyorwa Derzhavin uye yakabudiswa zvisingazivikanwi muSt. Petersburg Gazette muna 1779, yakaita kuti murume uyu azive. Mudiki Ivan Dmitriev akashamiswa nemitsara iyi zvokuti aida kusangana nemunyori, uye kwete iye chete. Guta racho, uye gare gare nyika, rakatengesa, kugoverana mhirizhonga. Kunyangwe Pushkin, makore mazhinji mushure mekubudiswa kwebasa iri, yakashamiswa kwazvo zvokuti vakatora mutsara weDerzhavin se epigraph kumusoro weDubrovsky. Pashure pezvose, zvinenge zvichiita, hazvigoneki kuratidza pfungwa pamusoro pehupenyu nerufu zvakanyanya uye zvishoma. Mifananidzo yose yehupo hwevanhu irikusimudzirwa kusvika pakusingaperi. Simba rakatsvakwa aporisti haritauri chero chero ripi zvarwo nezvemaitiro avo, kamwe-kamwe hero yakafa.

Mwanakomana wepfuma, murume wekubudirira uye utano hwakanaka kwazvo. Chinoshamisa chakanga chiri rufu rwake kune shamwari, hama uye vanozivana. Ode inowanzonyorwa pamusoro pevanhu vanokosha kare, zvichida inorondedzera mitemo yese yekugadzira. Uye pano-kungoziva chete nhetembo. Kazhinji kufa, hapana chimwe chevanhu vemazuva ose hachisi chakanaka. Haisi Suvorov, kwete Musoro, asi mutungamiriri anowanzo. Sei chirevo cheDerzhavin "Pamusoro pekufa kweChris Meshchersky" chichiita chinyararire chisingakanganwi kwete kwevanhu chete, asiwo kumadzinza kure? Izvi zvakarewo mazano: panguva iyoyo hapana mudetembi akaratidza simba rakawandisa uye zvinowanzoenderana nemitemo yezvinhu zvose kuburikidza nekuguma kwevanhu vakawanda kwazvo.

Mufananidzo wekufa

Rufu rwakanyorwa Derzhavin mune simba raro rose-muzvinyorwa uye zvine ruvara. Mufananidzo waro unoratidzwa mumagetsi - nguva dzose uye inobudiswa. Kubva kupera mazino kugadzirisa mazuva oblique ehupenyu hwevanhu - mudanga rokutanga. Kubva kumedza umambo hwose uye kuputira utsinye zvinhu zvakapoteredza - mune yechipiri.

Zvadaro huwandu hunotora kuwanda kwezvinhu: nyeredzi dzakapwanyika, zuva rinodzimwa, nyika yose inotyisidzirwa norufu. Pano panewo "kugadzirisa" pano, kuitira kuti tisati tibhururuka tichienda kunzvimbo ino zvisingagoneki. Derzhavin anoshandura muverengi kuti ave noupenyu-kunzwisiswa nechiitiko chiduku chekunyomba: kufa kutarisa, kukurira pamadzimambo, kune varume vakapfuma kwazvo, kune varume vanozvikudza vakachenjera - uye anorodza, zvinhu zvose zvinokurudzira chikamu chekusunga kwake.

Keynotes

Kujeka kwekuparadzana kuva mumatanda hakuiti zvachose kupfava kwenyaya yacho. Pane humwe hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hunogadzirirwa Derzhavin kumushandi wake nokuda kwechinangwa ichi. Madzimai aya anoita seanoyerera imwe kune imwe (nzira yakatanga kushandiswa mumabhuku eRussia yakakwana uye yakajeka). Kuchengetedza pfungwa huru mumugumo wokupedzisira we stanza, mudetembi anoidzokorora mumutsara wekutanga wekutevera, achikudziridza gare gare nekukurisa. Pfungwa uye mufananidzo, izvo zvinodzokororwa mumagwaro ose, zvinonzi leitmotif, uye Derzhavin akashandisa. Ode "Kufa kwaChris Meshchersky" ndicho chikonzero chakazoita basa rakabatana uye rakagadzikana. Ikoitmotifs yakakura yaiva rufu rusina hanya uye husingafungi uye hupenyu husingaperi, sekurota.

Zvinyorwa zveMetaphysical

Prince Meshchersky haana kupiwa nzvimbo dzakakwirira, nzvimbo dzakakurumbira, haana kuve akakurumbira munzira ipi zvayo - kwete nehondo, kana nehutungamiri, kana nebazi rezvigadzirwa. Murume asina matarenda chaiwo, ane zviitiko zvinonakidza zvekugamuchira mutauro weRussia (iyo inenge inenge iine vanhu vose ipapo). Zita rekutanga rokuti Derzhavin rakapa basa rake, uye zvachose rakaritaurira kune rumwe rudzi rwemashoko okunyora, asi kwete kumupfeko wengano: "Kuna S. V. Perfiliev, kusvika pakufa kwaAlexander Ivanovich Meshchersky." Kunyange zvakadaro, mavara emakona echokwadi, akarinzwika sebhero, akapa mhando yezvinyorwa kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwekutanga: "Chiito chenguva! Kudhevedzera kwesimbi!".

Uye zvinetso zvechimiriridzo zvinotsanangurwa. Rufu rwemunhu wese - kunyange munhu asingazivikanwe zvachose-anoita kuti vanhu vasanyanya kuderera, uye munhu wese mupenyu anorarama zvishoma zvishoma. Rufu rwemumwe shamwari runoratidzwa sechiitiko chiripo chiri mumiromo yezvishamiso zvitsvene zvakazarurirwa. Kutaura pamusoro perufu rwemuchinda, Derzhavin anozvienzanisa zvakajeka nezvake. Kubatana kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe pamwe nevanhu vose ndeyekugadzikana kwechirevo ichi. Uye panguva imwechete, ode "Kufa kweChris Meshchersky" inotaura nezvekurwisana kwerufu, nokuti rimwe nerimwe rinoratidzira kuratidza pamusoro pezvinoreva kuvapo kwemumwe munhu muzvinhu zvakasikwa, pasinei nemitemo yake isingabviri.

Chimiro chechimiro

Chimiro chekutanga chekumirira chinomirira muverengi mundima dzose: piyona weRussia nhetembo yekutanga akatanga zvinyorwa zvitsva mumabhuku: zvakakwirira-pasi, nokusingaperi-temporal, pachese-general, abstract-concrete. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvose zvinozivikanwa kubvira panguva yaAristotle. Asi chete Derzhavin, idzi dzakasiyana dzinogumira kurira sezvinoenderana chete, kupinda mukati.

Ody, kufara, kushingaira kunzwika kunotaura kunonyanya kuodza mwoyo kwekutsvaga kwake. Upenyu hwevanhu uye zvinoreva: munhu wega haafungi kuti afe. Mhepo yakasviba yakadaro yakawanda, uye vose vari mumupfekero uyu vane njodzi, saka inovaona ivo Derzhavin. "Pamusoro pekufa kwaChris Meshchersky" - mutezo wakaisa muverengi pamberi pekufa sewe chete unogara uripo, sezvo chimwe chechikamu mangwana kana makore ane chiuru, sebaoba, achiri kufa.

Inyevero kune muverengi

Kuvapo kwezvakaitika zvakadaro kunokonzera uye kusinganzwisisiki, nokuti kuva-kuva, sezvakadaro, hakusi kunzwisisika, uye, naizvozvo, chinangwa chechokwadi hachisi chokwadi kana pasina matanho mune ramangwana kubva kwairi. Derzhavin yakawedzera chinoreva kune satiated, asi nepamusoro pekuvepo kwekusaziva kwehupenyu hwekuzivana kwake, ode "Kufa kwe Prince Princecherschersky."

Kuongororwa kwebasa iri hakugoni kungoitwa nevapilologists, asiwo nevazivi, apo zvese zvayo zvine chokuita nemuenzaniso wezvinhu zvose, uko pasina munhu anozvimiririra weumwe munhu, sezvo unhu hunove husina uhu. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwomukarani rwomukati runouya mukukakavara nekusakwanisa, sekunge kuti inonyevera muverengi ari pedyo negomba regomba risina chigadziko, kuti chinyorwa chekushandurwa hachizovhiringidzika, kuti zvose zvichaparara muchakavanzika ichi chese chinokanganisa pasina zvishoma.

Mumwe Mutungamiriri Meshchersky

Derzhavin kuna Prince Meshchersky Vladimir Pavlovich aisagona kunge aine ukama, kunyange zvazvo baba vake vakagamuchira ode kusvika pakufa kwake. Muchinda Alexander Ivanovich aive muNational Counselor, akashanda muhofisi yemaresi. Aida mabhuku uye St. Petersburg English Society (kirabhu). Mhuri yeHeshchersky yakabva kune machinda eTatar ezana remakore gumi nematatu, muzana remakore gumi nemana nezana nemakumi maviri nemashanu raive rakapiwa naMatcherara, pakati pevamiriri vemhuri dzaive voevods-mapurisa uye zvemagariro. Izvi uye zvose izvo zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pemachinda eWashchersky, hapana chinokosha. Asi muna 1838, muzukuru waKaramzin, Prince Vladimir Meshchersky, akaberekwa, munhu kwete weDerzhavin unhu hunonyangadza. Uyu ndeumwe wevanhu vakuru vehupenyu hweRussia hwemagariro ezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, unhu hwekusavhunduka chete kwemashoko, asiwo fabric anecdotes. Akashanda zvakaoma, akabudisa magazini (gare gare-pepanhau), akanyora "Conservative kutaura," iyo yakanga yakanyatsozivikanwa pakati pevanhu vepanguva.

Baba vake-Muchengeti mutungamiriri wecolonel Peter Meshchersky, amai - mwanasikana mukuru wezvakanyorwa kare anozivikanwa uye munyori Nikolai Karamzin. Vabereki vanhu vane tsika dzakanaka, vanovhenekerwa uye vanotenda mune zvinangwa. Mwanakomana, maererano nemashoko ake pachavo, aiva neunhu hwakanga hwakaipa uye hwemhando. Akarota zvekushandisa muzita raamai vaamai uye nezvekuita zvepabonde kubva kunze. Nzira yemabhuku yakasarudzwa nemukana. Muna 1981 akarondedzera kuuya kwemambo kuChigadziro, uyo waaiva neshamwari. Munguva pfupi, Prince Meshchersky akapiwa makamuri-Junkers. Uye kushanda muHurumende yeZvenyika, mushure mokunge mugwagwa unoenda kune denderedzwa inozivikanwa yakaumbwa pedyo yakazarurwa. Uye kukurumidza nokukurumidza kwechinda muvakuru vehurumende yeRussia yakatanga.

Mupi weHamambo

Akafarira mutungamiri wenhaka-Count Stroganov, Prince Meshchersky akaifarira, saka denderedzwa rekutaurirana pakati pechinda raiva panzvimbo dzakakwirira kupfuura makore-akava shamwari yepedyo ye Tsarevich Nicholas (izvi zvinoreva kushandiswa, pasinei nemafungiro emangwana ramambo weRussia). Hupenyu hupi hwakapiwa kuna Vladimir Meshchersky kwete sezvinoratidzika sekuti: saka Stroganov achati "mutevedzeri akaipa," saka vanogomera uye vanoseka zvakare mushure mamasana avo. Kunyange zvakadaro, mupi wehupenyu hwose hweanhaka uye iye pachake Meshchersky achiripo. VaCesarevitch vairwara zvikuru, uye mutungamiri akamuendesa kuEurope kuzorapwa, iyo iyo mukuru wezvenhau rezvematongerwo enyika, Valuev, akamudana kuti "shamwari yepedyo mudare."

Mushure mekufa kwaNicholas (vakataura nezvekuuraya pamusana pehuchani) Meshchersky akapiwa imwe czarevich, mune ramangwana - Alexander III, uyo aive nemanzwiro emunun'una wechinda. Ichi chibatanidzi chemangwana Madzimambo Meshchersky haana kubviswa, achitora moto pachake, izvo mhuri yeumambo yakaramba ichimuonga zvikuru. Nenguva ino, kunyora komunyori kwakavhiringidza zvikuru kumuchinda, uye nekubatsirwa kwechitubu chekorona, nhare chaiyo yevhututi-muCitizen magazini-yakasimbiswa. Kutenda kuvatsigiri vakakurumbira, muvambi wemagazini yakaramba ari muchiyeuchidzo chevanhu. Pashure pezvose, vanhu vake, vakadai saDostoyevsky, Tyutchev, Maikov, vakapfuurira basa rake. Uye Meshchersky pachake pamapeji e "Citizen" asinganzwisisiki nekunamata dzidzo, zemstvo, jury, varimi vanozvimirira uye vaJudha vane njere. "Sodoma mutungamiriri uye mugari weGomora," maererano naVladimir Solovyov.