Polotsk kweutongi: nhoroondo, dzidzo. Culture of weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk

On nyika yekare Belarus aiva emapoka duku inoti. Asi chikuru uye chinokosha vaionekwa Polotsk uye Turov kwavabati. Pasi pokutonga avo mapurovhinzi zviduku. Akadai Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk nevamwe. Munyaya ino tikatarisa nhoroondo dzidzo, tsika uye machinda kupfuura uye vanozivikanwa voruzhinji - hugota pakati Polotsk.

Unogona kunzwa kuti hugota pamusoro Polotsk - wokutanga Belarusian mamiriro. Ndizvozvo. Pashure pezvose, kutaurwa kwakabva feudal ukama okutanga ndezvaMwari Polotsk kunyika. Zvakanga pano, panguva yakakurumbira mvura nzira "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki", uye akaumba hugota hwakasimba madzinza Belarusian (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

inotungamirwa

Sezvo zvakanaka kwaiva kwavabati vose Polotsk ari Belarusian nyika? Zvinosuruvarisa kuti mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu haisi zvakanaka zvinobvira. To musi, ndikapererwa matsime akanyorwa kana zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo, naro mumwe aigona kusarudza kana paumbwe weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk akatanga. Vezvenhau vari chete zvekungofungira. Uye vakawanda yokuti inonzi IX remakore. Panguva iyoyo akanyangarika seboka makuva (refu barrows). Asi, paiva ndoga murwi, dzinenge - aiwanzopiwa wokushanda. Masayendisiti anotsanangura chokwadi ichi kwakaderera simba pamusoro dzavo uye nedzinza. Uyezve, zviri IX remakore, zvakatanga kuoneka musiyano kirasi pakati kumakuva. Vamwe vakanga yakashongedzwa zvinodhura, nepo vamwe - nyore zvikuru. Izvi anoratidza yacho kusaruramisira.

Tribe Kupesana kupinda vapfumi nevarombo zvakakonzera kwaita kwamachinda, mvura yaro yakaita rusvingo pamusoro dzimwe nhengo munharaunda, uye Anobata nechepakati simba. Of kwamachinda, akavapindurawo, vakamira kunze nemachinda vemo. Vakaita mudungwe pachavo guta namasvingo, vaiva akachengeteka nemadzinza avo. Saka, pakutanga yezana IX remakore dzokumaruwa kwamachinda Krivichy akavaka guta panzvimbo rwizi zvakapinda Polota Western Berezina. Pano, kubva munzvimbo yakaunganidzwa mutero.

Mother Belarusian maguta

History of weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk rinotanga panguva imwe chete pakusikwa guta Polotsk. Yokutanga pamutemo kutaurwa muguta ndowenyika gore 862. Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoti kuti iye akaonekwa ipapa. Saka, muna undated chikamu "zvakaedza zvekare Years" (wekare rondedzero pamusoro necheSalvic nyika) anotaura zita "Polotsk" panguva imwe chete "Kriviches". Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti kunyange munguva Krivichy govera imwevo mamiriro rayo guru muna Polotsk. ari VaViking wokutanga refu asati azviratidza panyika, uye anoumba Old Russian mamiriro.

City vakagamuchira zita raro nokuda rwizi, riri pamahombekombe. Sezvambotaurwa, pedyo kugarwa erwizi vapambi vakapinda Polota Western Berezina.

nzvimbo

Polotsk uye Turov Principalities vakaiswa pamusoro mbereko chaizvo munyika. Zvisinei Polack ane mumwe mukana unokosha. Hekuno mharadzano inokosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana of Berezina, Dvina uye Neman. Kureva mvura nzira "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki." Izvi zvakabatsira kwete chete kuti kukura wezvokutengeserana uye upfumi rehurumende, asiwo akakonzera vakawanda yokutama mamwe marudzi uye marudzi munyika Polotsk. Nharaunda hugota yakanga yakapoteredzwa kwegore risingapindiki masango, waimira sezvo yakavimbika kudzivirira pavavengi. Uye vavengi Polochans vakaunganidza pamwe zvakawanda gore negore. Sezvo weutungamiriri kudzoreka pamusoro dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana havana kufanana pedyo inoti - Kiev uye Novgorod. Izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira miganhu kukakavadzana uye hombe ropa.

Polotsk rakabatanidza kwete chete nenyika Polotsk, asi chezvibereko ndima Dregovichi, yechiLatvian madzinza Finnish. Polochans vakagara munyika yacho Western Dvina, pamatende, uyewo mumadziva Berezina, Neman uye Svisloch. The nemamiriro weutungamiriri vaisanganisira maguta akadai makuru sezvo Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml nevamwe. Saka, munguva IX-XIII emakore raiva guru uye simba European mamiriro.

tanga Prince

Kutaurwa rokutanga mambo uyo vakabatana hugota pakati Polotsk, yechipiri yezana X remakore. Sezvinotaurwa muna Chronicle, "valadaryu, trymau Ini knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "akabva kugungwa", uye akatonga 972 978 pagore. Nguva iyi ichakurukurwa kwokupedzisira padariro paumbwe weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk. Hurumende kwakasimbiswa pachake miganhu yayo, midzi enyika uye administrative gadziriro, akaumba nemauto akasimba, akatanga kusimbisa kutengesa ukama. Nhoroondo paro uye nepakati akava guta Polotsk.

Princess nemazita matatu

History of weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk - nhoroondo rinondinetsa rusununguko, iyo pakupedzisira akarasika. Saka, muna 980, nyika vaionekwa se chikamu Old Russian mamiriro. The kwavabati rava chinhu bargaining Chip pakati rehondo ipapo Novgorod uye Kiev.

Sezvinotaurwa muna Chronicle, muna 978, Prince Rogvolod kusimbisa ukomba hwavo mamiriro, akasarudza kupa mwanasikana wake muchinda Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, vachiramba panguva imwecheteyo Vladimir Svyatoslavich (mambo kubva Novgorod Rurik youmambo). Vasingagoni kumira kunyadziswa, Vladimir yaaigara Polotsk, akauraya Rogvolod nevanakomana vake vaviri, uye Rogneda nechisimba akatora mukadzi nokupa zita rake Gorislava. Zvino Muchinda Novgorod, akakunda Kiev uye vakauya kuna Polotsk chitendero chitsva - Christianity.

Maererano "zvakaedza zvekare Years" muna Rogneda uye Vladimir vanakomana zvina: Izyaslav (Muchinda Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (Muchinda Kiev uye Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-Volyn muchinda) uye Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Uyewo vanasikana vaviri Premislava, uyo akazoroorwa László Baldy (Ugric mambo), uye Predslava, akava mudzimai Boleslaw III Dzvuku (Czech Prince).

Pashure Rogneda Vladimir akaedza ndimuuraye mwanakomana wake Izyaslav (akareverera asati baba vake naamai vake) akatumwa Polotsk, guta Izjaslavl. Muchindakadzi akatora jira akatora zita wechitatu - Anastasia.

Pfuma hugota pamusoro Polotsk

The 988 vagari Izjaslavl akakoka Rogneda mwanakomana uye Vladimir Izjaslava kutonga. Akava nomukurumbira somunhu hono nehadzi-munyori uye Distributor itsva zvitendero, chiKristu, pamusoro Polotsk nyika. Kuchitanga Izyaslav bazi idzva muna Rurik hwedzinza - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). Zvizvarwa Izyaslav, kusafanana vana vababa vake, akasimbisa ukama hwavo Rogvolod (rwaamai). Ivo pachavo akadana Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav akafa muduku (muna 1001), akapukunyuka mai vake Rogneda gore rimwe chete. Polotsk kwavabati akatanga kutonga mwanakomana wake wegotwe Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Kusvikira 1044 mambo inoitwa zvaaiitira pachake nechinangwa kuwedzera munyika. Kushandisa kukakavara uye simba Russia, Bryachislav vakabata Novgorod uye makore mashanu rakaitirwa simba nababamukuru vake Yaroslav vachenjeri. Panguva iyoyo yakanga yakavakwa uye guta Bryachislavl (ano Braslav).

maruva

Kukwirira kwesimba raro hugota pamusoro Polotsk yakasvika muna 1044-1101 gg., Paitonga Vseslava Veschego mwanakomana Prince Brjachislav. Achiziva kuti akanga acharwa upenyu norufu, muchinda kusvikira pakati 60-ies XI remakore rakanga kugadzirira hondo - guta rakavakirirwa, akaunganidza hondo. Saka, Polotsk akakurudzirwa kurudyi kumahombekombe Western Dvina, kuti muromo Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk akatanga kuwedzera kunyika kure kuchamhembe, yakakunda madzinza Latgale uye Liv. Zvisinei, muna 1067, apo akanga nokufamba Novgorod havana kubudirira, muchinda navanakomana vake akabatwa Izyaslav Yaroslavich, uye hurumende akabatwa. Asi gare gare gore vanopandukira vanhu akasunungura Vseslav, uye akakwanisa kusimbazve yakarasika pasi.

Kubva 1069 1072 hugota pamusoro Polotsk akatungamirira shingirira uye ropa hondo pamwe Kiev pamadzimambo. It yakatorwa Smolensk kweutongi, uyewo chikamu Chernigov munyika yokumusoro. Mumakore iwayo, vanhu guru weutungamiriri yakanga vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi maviri.

akawira

Pakafa Vseslav muna 1101, vanakomana vake akaparadzanisa hugota kupinda fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk nevamwe. Uye muna 1127 mwanakomana Vladimira Monomaha, kushandisa kusiyana machinda, akakunda uye sacked Polotsk. Izyaslavich akatorwa musungwa, uye ipapo ndokudzingwa zvachose kuti Byzantium kure. Saka, nokuda pakuguma XII remakore simba weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk munyika dzakawanda munhandare pakupedzisira vakaurawa, uye chikamu ndima vakabata Novgorod uye Chernigov.

Muzana XIII remakore muna Polotsk rikarova dambudziko idzva - the Order of Munondo, uyo akazova wokuLivonia. Right ipapo Prince Vladimir pamusoro Polotsk akarwa Dzorudzidziso kuti anopfuura makore makumi maviri, asi kune kuvamisa akanga asiri pasi simba. Yakanga kutanga kuguma rusununguko. Uye muna 1307 Polotsk yakava chikamu paGrand Duchy pakati Lithuania.

Culture of weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk

Zvinonzi kwavabati ichi rava nzvimbo akaberekwa ari Belarusian statehood uye tsika uye kunyora. With Polotsk chokuita mazita akadai Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, Kirill Turovsky naSimioni pamusoro Polotsk. Ndivo kuzvikudza Belarusian rudzi.

With veMubatanidzwa chiKristu muna Polotsk mapurani akatanga kukura. Saka, wokutanga wokuratidza chivakwa ibwe vakava Polotsk St. Sophia Cathedral, yakavakwa muna 1050 wacho. Uye muna 1161 ari mutengesi Lazar Bogsha akasikwa Nyanzvi pakati Zvakarurama art vokumabvazuva Slavs - akasiyana nemamwe muchinjikwa Euphrosyne. XIII remakore yaiva nguva apo paiva mutauro Belarusian.