Aizi "Chelyuskin": nhoroondo uye mugumo

The akakurumbira aizi "Chelyuskin" yakavakwa muna 1933 muDenmark kubudikidza zvarayirwa nehurumende yeSoviet. Chokutanga, ngarava mutsva ainzi "Lena" (Chokwadi chokuti yakanyorerwa kufamba pakati Vladivostok uye muromo Lena River). The "Chelyuskin" Yakazopiwa zita rokuti uri avaida yakakurumbira polar rwendo. Steamboat akabvuma zvose zvikuru ano mitemo nguva yake. misha yaro zvakanga zvakaenzana 7.5 zviuru matani.

rakasiyana basa

Zvirimo kuti kusiyanisa aizi "Chelyuskin", Akakwezva reSoviet polar aiongorora Otto Schmidt. geographer ichi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu akarota kuti uchikunda Northern Sea Route - yokuGungwa raizotungamirira Pacific Ocean achitevedza kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo Eurasia. Schmidt yakagadzirira kuita chinhu nokuda urongwa hwake. Muna 1932, akanga ari muchikepe "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" akakunda nzira kubva kuGungwa White kusvikira kuGungwa Barents.

Aizi "Chelyuskin" nokuda Zvokutopenga ichi yava nzira kutanga kwavo tsvakurudzo kubudirira. Schmidt akanyengetedza General Directorate of Northern Sea Route kushandisa chikepe racho rwendo itsva experimental. The dambudziko rakanga kuti, pasinei kwayo modernity, "Chelyuskin" ainyanya ngarava inotakura zvinhu. Designers haana kufanira kwaari yokunyanyisa dzinofamba kuburikidza polar echando nguwani. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti ramangwana kurasikirwa ngarava.

Kugadzirira Trip Your

Zvarisingazivi chinangwa kwidza aizi "Chelyuskin" akafuridzirwa iyi zhinji vakatsaurira upenyu hwavo kuna kudzidza North. Zvisinei, pakati nechido manzwi vakaridza chepamutemo mibvunzo pamusoro suitability chikepe kuti rwendo ramangwana. Mumwe mutsoropodzi yakadaro mukuru muchikepe, Vladimir Voronin. Pashure pokudzidza "Chelyuskin", akati pamberi yebasa murayiro vanoverengeka zvakagadzirwa zvikanganiso. Zvisinei, The Northern Sea Route, pfungwa inobhadharwa kwavari.

Aizi "Chelyuskin" akaenda August 2, 1933. Nechikepe mungarava vaiva vanhu 112 vaibva Murmansk. Vamwe vavo havana chokuita zvakananga chete rwendo. Saka, mumwe vaiongorora akatora muchikepe pamuviri naye. Ngarava yacho zvikuru congested sezvo mungarava akaisa mamwe mutoro, ushori seaplane uye dzimba dzakawanda prefabricated kuti nemisha musi Wrangel Island.

MuGungwa Kara

Kupfuura Strait Matochkin aizi "Semyon Chelyuskin" waiva muGungwa Kara, apo riri kumirira yokutanga anotyisa echando floes. zvipingamupinyi aya kukunda chikepe pasina matambudziko. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba kunorwa zvofamba, kurema vashandi vemo vaifanira ndipfuurire norwendo.

MuGungwa Kara, ngarava nepaiva guru renje chitsuwa, kwete dziri pamepu ipi. Studies dzakabatanidza ichi chinoshamisa zvinongoitikawo. The "mutsva" chitsuwa rakava chitsuwa voga. Chakazarurwa ari XIX remakore ndokushanyirazve muna 1915, pakundopambara Otto Sverdrupa. Zvakaitika kuti mepu kubva pamba pake chitsuwa chaiva zvakawanda 50 mamaira kumabvazuva yayo chaiyo nzvimbo. Chikanganiso zvaibvira kuziva basa iri "Chelyuskin" muongorori wenyeredzi, pachivakwa Yakov Gakkel.

Zvichakadaro, musangano ice ngozi mberi. Chokutanga kukuvadza aiva nouori stringer, anoteverwa dzinokaroparuka puranga. Remov injiniya akauya aine kubudirira magadzirirwe emapuranga Fixtures, yaitsiva chakaremara zvikamu, asi haachinji chokwadi chokuti "Chelyuskin" haafaniri kuenda kweArctic mugwenga oga.

Kuisa zvikamu itsva, vashandi vemo waburuswa uta vabatisise (rinochengeta kabhoni). basa iri painstaking aifanira kuita zvose: masayendisiti, vafambisi vengarava, vavaki uye mabhizimisi execute mudziyo. Nhengo rwendo vakapesana zvikwata uye nguva kukurira basa. Gare gare, munguva yechando pamusoro chando, nheyo sangano vabatire batsira zvakare Chelyuskintsev.

vasungwa chando

September 23 chikepe akarwiswa zvachose. chando Solid akakomba akamusunga pamusoro chete panzvimbo imwe gore asati akamisa chikepe "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Kusvika pakupedzisira chinangwa mushandirapamwe, ivo Wrangel Island, Schmidt vakasagona. Now aizi "Chelyuskin" rwendo akaramba iri zvachose itsva ezvinhu. Ngarava raifamba kumabvazuva, pamwe vasakukurwa-gore Multi chando. On November 4, akapinda mumvura Bering Strait. The chando akanga ava wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose, uye mvura yakachena kubva vashandi akaparadzanisa gwara anoverengeka makiromita. Zvaiita kuti dzakachengeteka kununurwa hakudzivisiki.

Kwete kure "Chelyuskin" aiva aizi "Litke". mukuru wake aida kubatsira chikepe kutiza chando mujeri. Asi Otto Schmidt akaramba kutsigira tariro kuti chikepe pacharo richava akasununguka. Panguva ino, musayendisiti akaita chinouraya chikanganiso, icho pakupedzisira Zvakamubatsira rose vashandi pamusoro aizi "Chelyuskin".

Moody vasakukurwa yakachinja kutungamirira kwayo uye akatuma chikepe vari negwara kweArctic murenje. Akazoona gaffe ake Schmidt kare pamusoro wayo pachangu, kukumbira kubatsirwa "Litke", asi zvakanga vanyanyononoka. Zvino vashandi kutarisirwa chando ari akarasika chando. Uyezve, polar akaridza aramu - hapana aigona vouch nokuti kuchengeteka chikepe kwazvo ezvinhu enyika Far North. 13 February 1934 ngarava itsva chaizvoizvo vaenda pasi. Mhaka rufu aizi "Chelyuskin" panyama akanga aomerwa simba echando, anoputsa kurutivi rwake rworuboshwe.

Kubvisa kubva mudziyo

A maawa mashoma asati denouement, pazvakava pachena kuti chikepe vachaenda pasi, akatanga anokurumidza kubvisa vanhu. The chikwata vakakwanisa kutamira dzakapoteredza muaizi midziyo uye zvokushandisa. Zvinhu izvi zvakanga zvakakwana kuti kusika vamwe duku misasa. Mune mumwe munhu akafa panguva kubvisa. Iye pamusoro Tsaona yakapwanyika ochinja mitoro.

Aizi "Chelyuskin", ane nhoroondo ndokuguma shanu o'clock manheru uye vakasiya pamusoro chando 104 vanhu. Pakati pavo paiva nevana vaviri, kusanganisira achangoberekwa mwanasikana mumwe vaiongorora. Akabata munhu mumwe chete ane polar nyika venga, vashandi vemo pazuva rechipiri akapfuura guru njodzi shoko. Communication Chelyuskinites hwakagadzwa pasi pokudzora munhu mukuru redhiyo opareta Krenkel. Vashoma pedyo, pana Cape Waves, riri pamhenderekedzo chiteshi, izvo vaitaura shoko. Apo Otto Schmidt, gore risati yaiva pakaita "Sibiryakov", aizviwana mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Coastal nhepfenyuro haapo, uye kubatana yakanga yatangwa kuburikidza Crabber mu Gungwa Okhotsk.

musasa upenyu

Kusvika pamusoro chando floe, vashandi vemo waburuswa kubva chikepe kwete vakarara chete muhomwe matende, asiwo zvokuvakisa. Kamwe vava kuda rufu vakaratidza chikwata cohesion uye sangano, saka kuti mumusasa vakakwanisa kumisa chaizvo upenyu hwakanaka. barrack yakavakwa, kicheni uye chiratidzo shongwe.

Kubva pamazuva enyu mugare pamusoro chando rokutanga haisi kuvhiringidzwa tsvakurudzo basa. zuva ose hydrologists uye vaiongorora kuti kuona chaiyo nzvimbo wemisasa. Kukukurwa chando haana kurega, saka zvakanga zvakakodzera nguva kuverenga Coordonatele nzvimbo yenyu. Nokuti ichi chinangwa imwe Theodolite uye sextant. Munguva yedu kugara pamusoro muaizi vaunoshanda akanga arwara chete Otto Schmidt, uyo akawanikwa nemabayo. Nokuda nekurwara musoro rwendo rakanga anobviswa mumisasa havasi pakati rokupedzisira uye 76th.

tsvakurudzo vashandi

MuMoscow, ruponeso aizi "Chelyuskin", kana kuti, kuti kuzvimba wenyika pamusoro vomumuzinda zvayo, akapomerwa hurumende basa, inotungamirirwa mukuru nhengo dzebato valerian Kuibyshev. Pazuva rokutanga pashure kugamuchira mishumo dambudziko nhengo hurumende vakatumirwa kuchamhembe inokurudzira teregiramu. Zvisinei, kunyange unofara nevimbiso of Central Committee haasi akadzima kuoma hwokushanda.

Polar vatsvakurudzi dzaiva kure kuti nzira bedzi avaponese kwaiva kushandisa ndege. Kuenda Chukotka akaenda zvakanakisisa vezvikepe Soviet. Variants kushandisa netsoka yokuchinjira imbwa-Sled kana vakanga oparadzwa anenge pakarepo. Netsoka dzavo pamusoro rongedza chando polar zuva aigona kufamba chinhambwe 10 makiromita. Panguva yakadaro kuchinja kuti aidzidzisa valerian Albanova musi Franz Josef Land, chii chakaitika muna 1914, kubva chikwata chake gumi vanhu vakapona vaviri chete.

Kununurwa vashandi vari aizi "Chelyuskin" yaitova oparesheni, kana chete nokuti hapana kweArctic avhiyesheni haripo, kwete chete muna USSR asiwo dzimwe nyika ipi zvayo. Pakati wokutanga vezvikepe makatanga kutsvaka Schmidt nevarume vake varatidza mutyairi Anatoly Liapidevskii. Usati pakupedzisira kuwana Chelyuskinites, aviator akaita 28 akakundikana kuedza kuwana zvakakodzera nzvimbo. 29 chete nguva, 5 March 1934, Liapidevskii akaona nechepasi okutanga seaplane, uye ipapo vanhu vakamupoteredza.

Zvino, apo yakawanikwa nzvimbo yakanyura aizi "Chelyuskin", asi kubvisa akasimuka pasi nzira. Svosve-4 Lyapidevsky akatora muchikepe vose vakadzi nevana (12) uye akavatuma pedyo musha. Zvisinei, pashure pokuiswa kubudirira zvakateverwa wokutanga kukundikana. Akaputsa kununura ndege injini, pashure iyo oparesheni iri nemhuru.

Zvisinei, kushandisa ndege panguva ino, hazvisi pakunogumira. Kuchamhembe takaenda airships. It akaedzawo kutyora Chelyuskintsev aizi "Krasin" uye kutsigira Atvs In Washington. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo ndizvo ndege mupiro chikuru kune anobudirira Zvaizobuda polar the saga. mwedzi All vaviri upenyu muaizi vagere mumusasa vaiita kuti vakanga vakagadzirira kutsvaka kwavari airfields avhiyesheni. Zuva nezuva, varume majana yokururamisa runways, kwete kurasa tariro kudzokera kumusha.

mberi ponesa

Kudhonza Chelyuskinites echando mujeri zve musi waApril 7. Zvino kushanda zvaisanganisira vezvikepe akawanda akakurumbira. Michael Vodopianov Papera kutora chikamu pakutumira vatsvakurudzi wokutanga vanotsauka yemapurisa "North Pole-1", uye Nicholas Kamanin akava mukuru chikwata cosmonauts Soviet rokutanga. Yakanga pakati vanunuri uye dzimwe ngano vatyairi: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Mumwe mutyairi, Sigismund Levanevsky, iye akanga tsaona - iyewo kuwanikwa uye akanunura.

Aizi "Chelyuskin", vane nhoroondo yave izere nyaya dzakadaro, vakakodzera gobvu yokufungidzira kana anodhura chidzitiro adaptations, akava mumwe vanonyanya kutaurwa nguva yake. zita Izvi zvakazivikanwa nevanhu havanzwi mweya uye ushingi vaya vakabatsira vanhu kudzokera kumusha. Inobatwa polar chando rikarira vakayambukira mu Vankarem - duku Chuckchee musasa, razova musimboti ose kununura oparesheni.

Zvinofadza kuti vanhu vakawanda kubva muchikepe, uchishandisa seaplane yokupukunyuka kusvika kukosheswa chinangwa oga. Kwenguva vakarasika kupaka akasiya mukuru aparara Vladimir Voronin. On April 13, akanga ari Vankarem. Mazuva Okupedzisira hwokushanda kwakaitika kuwedzera kutya mamiriro ezvinhu - Icefield zvishoma kuparadzwa. Zuva rakatevera pashure kununura Voronin simba dutu akaparadza kwekanguva mumusasa.

homecoming

Panguva kununura vashandi uye pachake aizi "Chelyuskin", iro ane pikicha zvose Soviet uye vazhinji mapepanhau nyika, vaiva musimboti pfungwa dzemamiriyoni evanhu. Muchifarisisa panguva anobudirira Zvaizobuda mutambo waiva polar munyika. Zvikafadza vanhuwo zvavo vanogona kuva nyore akatsanangura: hapana akafanana munhoroondo yenyika avhiyesheni uye wekushandisa hazvisati zvaitika.

Akatora mugove kubvisa Chelyuskinites vezvikepe vaiva Heroes Soviet Union wokutanga. Izvi soro mamiriro Award kwakatangwa avaida nezvakaitika Far North. Akagamuchira Order of Lenin uye vaviri vokuAmerica (William Le Verrier uye Klayd Armsted), uyo akatora vatarisire kupinza ndege, akavawanira uchikumbira Kununurwa vashandi akazviratidza pamupendero rufu. Vakwikwidzi vaiva chando yakakura vachifara musangano muMoscow. vakuru All Chelyuskintsev akapona yechando ngozi, paakavapa Red Banner.

afterword

Pokufa chikepe akaita utungamiri Soviet kuchinja mafungiro avo polar tsvakurudzo. Paakadzokera Moscow, Schmidt vakazivisa kukunda kuNorthern Sea Route. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanamazvikokota vazhinji vatorwa vaiona migumisiro rwendo haana kunaka kudaro. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi muna USSR Chelyuskinskaya ruzivo rakachengetedzwa adzidza. Sezvo mbiriso rakatanga kukura neboka rengarava dzinopwanya aizi. Zvino mudziyo nguva imwe neimwe pamwe zvatinosiita nhumbi zvikepe kuti vaisagona vakazvimiririra kuti nzira yake polar murenje.

vakaedza kakawanda kuwana kunozivikanwa mungarava "Chelyuskin" yaitonga panguva. Vaviri ava kutsvaka nzendo dzakarongwa muna 1970. More rombo vechikamu mushandirapamwe muna 2006, izvo zvakabatsira kuitisa rokutarisira pasi Chukotka zvionera District, kumuzinda Navy uye Russian Academy of Sciences. Nyanzvi vakakwanisa kumutsa kubva mugungwa zvimwe zvikamu chikepe. zvinoratidza izvi vakatumirwa Copenhagen, apo iye kamwe akavaka uye "Chelyuskin". Pashure pokutarira ari kufefetedza grille, penyanzvi vakasvika pakugumisa kuti chaizvoizvo runobva kuna aparara.