Phylogenetic series of horses - "chiratidzo" chekushanduka kwezvinhu

Chimwe chezvinyanya kuzivikanwa uye zvakanyatsodzidzwa nezvehupatidzo hwehutsika hwekushanduka-shanduka ndeye purologenetic dzemazuva ano e-single-fingered ungulates. Nhamba dzakawanda dzinowanikwa uye dzinozivikanwa nenzira dzekushandura dzinoita svondo rehupupuri hwaro hwezvikamu izvi. Yakatsanangurwa nemudzidzi wezvokurasika weRussia Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky kusvika kare muna 1873, purologenetic mhando yebhiza achiripo nhasi inoramba iri "chiratidzo" chekushanduka kwenhau.

Evhangeri kuburikidza nemakore

Mukushanduka-shanduka, phylogenetic mutsara inowirirana nenzira dzakapfurikidza dzemitozo dzinoita kuti kuumbwa kwemazuva ano emhando. Nhamba yehutano inogona kunge yakakwana kana yakasarura, asi kuvapo kwezviitiko zvakapfurikidza zvemukati ndiyo chiitiko chinokosha chekutsanangurwa kwavo.

Iyo phylogenetic mutsara webhiza inofanirwa kune uchapupu hwekushanduka-shanduka zvakakwana nekuda kwekuvapo kwemaitiro akadaro anotevera achigadzirisana. Kuwanda kwezvakawanikwa zvinyorwa zvinopa huwandu hwakawanda hwechokwadi.

Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvepoplogenetic

Nhamba yemabhiza haisi yega yemuenzaniso inotsanangurwa. Inodzidza uye yakanyanya kuvimbika phylogenetic series yemhawi neshiri. Kusawirirana mune zvesayenzi uye zvakanyanya kushandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinongororwa nevanhu ndezvechirevo che phylogenetic zvechimpanze zvemazuva ano nevanhu. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekushayikwa kwemasimiriro asingabatsiri mune zvesayenzi. Asi zvisinei kuti maonero akawanda sei, iyo isinganzwisisiki inoramba iri kukosha kwepirgenetic series sehumwe uchapupu hwekushanduka-shanduka kwezvisikwa kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza.

Ukama hwekushanduka kwemabhiza ane zvakatipoteredza

Ongororo dzakawanda dzepa paleontologists dzakatsigira dzidziso yeOV Kovalevsky pamusoro pehukama hwepedyo hwekuchinja mune skeleton yemadzitateguru emabhiza ane kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuchinja mamiriro okunze kwakakonzera kuderera kwemasango emasango, uye madzitateguru emazuva ano e-single-fingered ungulates akafananidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu mumakumbo. Chido chekufambisa kwakakurukurwa kwakagadziridzwa kugadziriswa kwechimiro uye nhamba yeminwe pamakumbo, shanduko mumasaga nemeno.

The first link in the chain

Mune Eocene yekare, makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 65 apfuura, bhiza remazuva ano remahara remazuva ano raigara. Iyi "bhiza yakadzika" kana Eohippus, iyo yakanga yakaenzana nembwa (kusvika pamasendimita 30), yakazorora pamakumbo ose echiso, iyo yakanga ina (mberi) uye nhatu (kumashure) neminwe duku. Eat eogippus anotsvaira uye mashizha uye aine mazino. Bhurani-mavara uye vhudzi dzisina kuwanikwa pamuswe unoenda-ndizvo zvakaita hanzvadzi iri kure kure nemabhiza uye mbongoro pasi pano.

Intermediate links

Anenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri emakore apfuura, mamiriro ekunze akachinja nyika, uye masango akatsiviwa ne steppe expanses. MuMiocene (makore emamiriyoni makumi maviri apfuura) mesohypus uye parahhipus inoonekwa, iyo yakafanana nemabhiza emazuva ano. Uye wekutanga mababa ake mu phylogenetic mahedheni emabhiza anoonekwa se merikhippus uye pliogippus, iyo inopinda munhandare yehupenyu makore maviri emakore akapfuura. Hipparion - chikwata chekupedzisira katatu chetsvimbo

Uyu madzitateguru aigara muMiocene uye Pliocene pamapani eMooramerica, Asia neAfrica. Iyi bhiza rechitatu, rinoyeuchidza mapepa, rakanga risati rina mahwanda, asi rinogona kumhanyira zvakasimba, idya uswa uye yakatora nzvimbo huru.

Rimwe-fingered bhiza - pliogippus

Ivava vamiririri vane tsvimbo imwe chete vanoonekwa makore mashanu emakore akapfuura munzvimbo imwechete sezvipi. Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvinoshanduka - zvinotowedzera kunyange, uye steppes dzinokura zvikuru. Ikoko uye ikoko kwaiva nechimwe-fingeredness chinonyanya kukosha chiratidzo chekupona. Aya mabhiza akanga akareba kusvika mamita 1,2 pakakwirira, akanga ane mapaundi 19 embabvu uye mitsipa yakasimba yemakumbo. Mazino avo anowana korona yakareba uye mapepa e enamel neakagadzirwa nesimbi yakatsetseka.

Bhiza ratinoziva

Bhiza remazuva ano sechikamu chekupedzisira che phylogenetic akaonekwa pamagumo eNeogene, uye pakuguma kwekupedzisira kwegore (anenge makore gumi nezviuru apfuura) mamiriyoni emabhiza emusango akatogadzwa muEurope neAsia. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwevachengeti vekare uye kuderedzwa kwemafuro kwakaita kuti bhiza romusango risati rasvika makore 4 000 apfuura. Asi ayo maviri subspecies - tarpan muRussia nePrzewalski bhiza muMongolia - akakwanisa kutora nguva yakareba kupfuura dzose.

Mabhiza emhuka

Nhasi, pane zvese pasina mahara emabhiza emhuka. Tarpan yeRussia inoonekwa semhuka dzisingachaperi, uye bhiza raPrzhevalsky harisi kuwanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo. Mombe dzemabhiza dzinodyisa zvakasununguka ndezvomusango, dzimba dzakapfigwa. Mabhiza akadaro, kunyange nekukurumidza kudzokera kumhuka dzomusango, asi zvakasiyana nemabhiza ezvomusango.

Vane nguva refu nemaswe, uye ivo vakasiyana. Mazai ePrzewalski akangokonzerwa zvakashata uye tarpans ane mousy ane, sezvazvakangoita, akachera mabhesi, manes nemiswe.

MuCentral neNorth America, mabhiza emusango akaparadzwa zvachose nemaIndia uye akaonekwa imomo chete mushure mekusvika kweEurope muzana remakore rechi15. Mhuka dzomusango dzemabhiza evakakunda vakapa mombe dzakawanda dze Mustangs, dzine nhamba dzadzo dziri kutungamirirwa nekupfura.

Mukuwedzera kune Mustangs muNorth America, kune marudzi maviri ezvitsuwa zvepachiwi ponies - pazvitsuwa zveAsatig neSable. Nemi-mhuka dzemakungwa emakamargue mabhiza anowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. Mumakomo uye mumakomo eBrithani, unogonawo kusangana nemaponezi emusango.

Hondo Yedu Inofarira

Murume wacho akafuridza bhiza uye akabudisa zvinopfuura 300 zvezvizvarwa zvaro. Kubva kuavyweights kusvika kumakoni emakoni uye mazamu akanaka emisasa. MuRussia, vanenge makumi mashanu emabhiza akabatwa. Mukurumbira wavo ndeye Oryol trotter. Sutu yakaisvonaka yakachena, yakanakisa lynx nekukurumidza - hutsika idzi hwakakosheswa naCount Orlov, uyo anoonekwa sevakagadziri vezera iri.