Ammonium nitrate

The chemicals substance ammonium nitrate, iyo yakagadzirwa NH4NO3, kwenguva yakareba inozivikanwa nemakemikari, kusvika kare muna 1659 yakawanikwa neR IR Glauber. Mune mabhuku, rimwe zita rinowanzobudiswa iyi inozivikanwa: ammonium nitrate. Kunze kwekunze, ammonium nitrate ichena cristal ine huwandu hwakawanda. Nyaya yekubikira yemakamuri iri 235 ° C, uye pa169.6 ° C ammonium nitrate inotanga kunyauka. Kune mitsara yakawanda yekristalline inogadziriswa, iyo inonyanya kukanganisa kemikemikari, muviri uye zvikamu zvekushandiswa kwayo.

Semuenzaniso, kusiyana uku kunosanganisira muchokwadi kuti kushandurwa kwakasiyana kwekristasi kune rudzi rwakasiyana rwema lattice. Pakazara, pane zvishanu zvishanduro. Nokuda kwekushandurwa kwekutanga, iyo cubic ye crystal lattice inozivikanwa , yechipiri uye yechishanu, tetragonal, yechitatu uye yechina, rhombic fomu. Muchiitiko ichi, semugumisiro wekushandura kwekugadziriswa kubva kune rimwe kuchinja kune imwe, kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma asi kwakasimba muzwi re unit unit kunoonekwa. Iyi pfuma inokonzera kusiyana mumakemikari. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, kuchinjwa IV kunoratidzwa nehuwandu hwehutano hwehu 1.725 g / cm3, iyo inoputika yakatova 139.4 ° C.

The solubility of ammonium nitrate iyi: mune zana magamu emvura pakushambidza kwe 0 ° C 119 gm yezvinhu zvinoputswa, pakushambidzika kwe 25 ° C kakadarika 212 gm kuputika, uye pa 50 ° C - 346 magamu eammonium nitrate. Mukuwedzera, ammonium nitrate inogona kuparara mu pyridine, methanol uye ethanol. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chechikamu chacho ndechekuti kana chinoshandiswa chichishandiswa kana kana kutonhora kwakakwana kudarika 270 ° C, ammonium nitrate inokonzera, zvichikonzera kuputika.

Nekubatsirwa kwezviratidzo, zvinokwanisika kuziva nzvimbo yakasikwa, iyo inosanganisira ammonium nitrate, hydrolysis uye kubatanidzwa kwayo inopindura, iyo equation inogona kunyorwa se: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3. Ammonium nitrate inobata ne alkaline solutions. Somugumisiro wekuita kwakadaro, ammonia inoumbwa, uye iyo nzira yekuita iyo pachayo inoita senyanzvi yehutano kumammonium nitrate.

Kazhinji, icho chinhu chinobudiswa nekuita kusagadzikana kwemaitiro ne 60% HNO3. Somunhu anonyima, NH3 inoshandiswa mune gaseous state. Izvo zvinogadzira kupisa, izvo zvinotumirwa kuvhara mhinduro yeammonium nitrate uye kugadzirirwa kwechirwere ichi nenzira yegranules.

Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweammonium nitrate kwaiva mune zvekurima, senzvimbo inokosha ye nitrogen fertilizer. Iyo inogadziriswa inoshandiswa zvakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemaputi, uye se reagent - sezirconium solvent muzvinhu zvinotungisa mafuta, panguva yezvinhu zvenyukireya kugadzirisa mabasa. Physico-chemicals zvinokonzera kuwedzera kudiwa kwezvinhu izvi, saka kuburitsa kwayo kuri kukura nekuwedzera uye nhasi kunosvika mamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu pagore, iyo iyo inodhindwa mu nitrogen.

Ammonium nitrate inogona kuwanikwa mu laboratori pasi pekudzivirira zvakasimba uye mitemo yekuchengeteka. Nechinangwa ichi, chisanganiswa chekudzikisa zvakanyanya nitric acid uye ammonia inobudiswa mubhati yekushambisa (aqueous ammonia solution). Kuita zvakadaro ndizvo zvakanakisisa kure, somuenzaniso, kushandisa manipulators, uye kuva pamakiromita akakwana zvakakwana kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yekuvhengana. Mhinduro yacho inosanganisira kusanganiswa nguva dzose kweAic acid mune imwe sarudzo yeammonia ine test periodic by an indicator (litmus test) kuti ibudirire mune zvematongerwe enyika. Nenzira imwecheteyo, kudzora pamusoro penzira yekutaridzirwa kunowanikwawo. Kana mushizha weAic acid uchidarika, chikamu chealkali chinowedzerwa kune chinogadzirisa, uye pamwe chete.