Ndeipi humwe uchapupu hwechiitiko che radioactivity? Mhirizhonga: kuwanikwa kwaBecquerel. Chiitiko che radioactivity: chiitiko chaRutherford

Pakupera kwe1895, kwekutanga muhurukuro, ruzivo rwekunakidza rwakaonekwa pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwemavara matsva aConrad Röntgen. Aya mazai, ayo musayenzi akadana X-rays, nyore nyore kupfuura nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana - huni, makadhibhodhi nezvimwe zvinhu zvakange zvakasvibirirwa kwezuva. Kuwanikwa kwemisara iyi kwakanyanyisa zvikuru nyika yesayenzi. Uye zvichida, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nyika haina kumbocherechedzazve imwezve kuchinja mune physics - muna 1896 Henri Becquerel akawana chinhu chitsva, kureva, radioactivity.

Radioactivity. Discovery of Becquerel

Mune ramangwana, nekuda kwezvaakawana, Antoine Henri Becquerel, pamwe chete nemudzimai weCurie, vachagamuchira Nobel Prize. Mushure mezvose, ava masayendisiti, maererano neKomiti yeNobel, vakawana miviri inoshandiswa mumhepo yakawanda. Muhuduku hwake, Henri akawana dzidzo yepamusoro uye akashanda semubatsiri kuna Alexander Becquerel, baba vake. Shanduro dzokutanga yesayenzi dzaHenri Becquerel dzinobatsira kudzidza nezvekushisa kwepasi. Kuwanikwa kwemaharaactivity naAntoine Becquerel kwakaitika zvikuru gare gare. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, musayendisiti akanga aine chiitiko chekuongorora luminescence, chiitiko chekutaura kwechiedza, kubatwa kwechiedza nemakriststals. Ikupedzisira yezvivako yakaunza Becquerel chiremba mu physics. Pakupedzisira, Becquerel akawana chikamu chemishonga yezuva iri mamwe mavara, ayo ayo chaiwo akafanana chaizvo neaya X-rays. Akaona kuti kana uranium inoshandiswa mukuedza, ipapo miviri inowedzera kuva nesimba.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kwechiitiko che radioactivity: kuwedzera kutsvakurudza

Maria Curie aidzidzawo Becquerel. Akaona kuti chiitiko che radioactivity ine chimwe chinhu-thorium. Panguva iyoyo hakuna munhu aiziva kuti chii chinonzi radioactivity chinopupurira. Pamusangano wevadzidzi veFrench Academy yeScience, Becquerel akazivisa kushamisika kwake kunoshamisa.

Akaudza masayendisiti kuti mazai ayo akanga akazarurirwa iye anogona kungopinda nepasi pose. Mumamiriro avo ezvinhu vakange vakafanana ne X-ray. Pamwe chete, pasina chero basa, ichi chinobuda kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu. Musayendisiti akaisa, kuti ndeyezvisizvo kune zvinhu zvinogadzira uranium pamwe chete. Uye Becquerel akadana rudzi urwu rwehudiation uranium.

Ndeipi humwe uchapupu hwechiitiko che radioactivity?

Kuwanikwa kwechiitiko che radioactivity kwakapfuura mumumvuri wekutsvakurudza kune vamwe masayendisiti. Asi gare gare maira aya ainzi maharadio radiation. Yakawanika kuti kwete uranium chete inokwanisa kubvisa mavara emhando iyi, iyo pfuma inobatanidzwa mune zvimwe zvinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, kuwanikwa uku kwaiva chimwe chekuita-nyanya kwemafizikiki, nokuti chiitiko che radioactivity chakawanikwa naBecquerel chinoratidza kuti nucleus yeatomu ine sangano rakaoma kwazvo.

Zvinonakidza kuti nokuda kwechiitiko ichi, icho chakaziviswa naye zvakakwana nengozi, musayendisiti akapiwa mukana weNobel Prize, uyo vakadzi vaviri veCurie vakagamuchira kwenguva yakareba yebato rechipiri. Asi masayendisiti aya akapiwa mararamiro akaenzana. Zvinosuruvarisa kune vose, rudzi urwu rwebasa reasayendisiti haruna kupfuura pasina ruzivo. Muna 1906 Pierre Curie akafa , uye Becquerel akapona kwaari kwemakore maviri chete, apera pazera remakore makumi manomwe.

Shanduro yekuvandudza mufizikiki

Mubvunzo, sezvinopupurirwa nechishamiso che radioactivity, yakaramba yakasununguka kwenguva yakareba. Chidzidzo chechiziviso ichi chaipfuurirwa nevakadzi vanozivikanwa pasi rose - Maria Sklodowska naPaul Curie. Vakanyatsoongorora zvitsva. Zita iro rokuti "radioactivity" rakataurwa naMaria Curie-Sklodowska.

Kune masayendisiti mazhinji, semugumisiro wekutsvakurudza, mifananidzo yekare yenyika yakave isina kunyatsokanganisika. Pashure pezvose, izvi zvisati zvave zvakatendwa kuti atomu ichinhu chisingaoneki uye chisingaoneki chekuve. Ndeupi uchapupu hwechiitiko che radioactivity muchokwadi? Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinopupurira kuipa kwenhema yekusaonekwa kweatomu. Maonero aya akange aripo kubvira panguva yevadzidzi vekare vechiGiriki. Mushure mezvose, zita iro rokuti "atomu" rinoshandurwa kubva kubva muchiGiriki chekare se "zvisingaoneki." Saka, radioactivity sehuchapupu hwehutano hwakaoma hwehutomu hweatomu inoratidza kuti atomu ine sangano rakaoma kwazvo. Paunenge uchiora muzvinhu zvitsva, unobvisa mavara emarudzi akasiyana-siyana: alpha, beta, uye gamma radiation.

Kufarira kwaRutherford mudambudziko re radioactivity

Imwe yemipiro mikuru kune ruzivo rwema radioactivity yakaitwa nemasayendisiti Ernest Rutherford. Akazvarwa muna 1871 muNew Zealand mumhuri yepurazi. Muna 1896, Rutherford akaziva nezvekuwanikwa kwechiSayenzi scientist. "Chiitiko che radioactivity chakawanikwa naBecquerel chinoratidza kuti atomu inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu," iyi inofarira vechidiki Rutherford kuti muna 1899 basa rake rokutanga pamusoro peuuranium uye magetsi ayo anotengesa akaonekwa. Uku kutsvakurudza kwaiva kutanga kwekudzidza kwaRutherford kwekushandura kwe nyukireya uye kuwanikwa kweyucleus core.

Kutanga kwekudzidza kweatomu kubva mukati

Muna 1911, Rutherford akaita chimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvaakawana, zvakamukudza munyika yose. Masayendisiti akawana inucleic nucleus. Rutherford akaita kuti kufungidzira kuti atomu inogona kuva nenheyo yakarongedzwa zvakanaka, uye yakakomberedzwa nemashizha emhosva yakasiyana. Rutherford akaverenga kuti kufungidzirwa kwechidimbu chakapfuura cheatomu. Imwe muenzaniso mutsva wesayendisiti yakanzwisiswa nesayenzi yenharaunda skeptically. Zvisinei, ndiye iye akazova nheyo yemazuva ano mazano ekugadzirwa kweatomu.

Kugutsikana kwekupedzisira kweRutherford's hypothesis

Musayendisiti akanyatsodzidza radioactivity sechiitiko chepanyama. Somugumisiro, akaongorora kuoma kwakadzika kwehutano hweuranium uye akawana mazhenje akaoma zvikuru. VaRutherford vavo vakadana alpha rays. Uyewo, masayendisiti akawanikwa asingasviki mazaya emvura, ayo aakatumidza mazita emabhesi.

Mumabasa ake, mutsvakurudzi akapfuurira kudzidza chiitiko che radioactivity akadzidza mumabasa evakaroorana veCurie. Zvakaitika kuna Rutherford zvakaratidza kuti radioactivity inonzi inomic phenomenon, iyo inofambidzana nekemikemu kuchinja mune iyo chaiyo pachayo. Mukudzidza kwake, akaitwa pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wemakemikari Soddy, muna 1903, Rutherford akazosimbisa hutano hwake. Anogadzira mutemo wekuora kwemhepo, uye anotsanangurawo maketani emakemikari kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai seuranium, radium uye thorium.

Chii chakaitika kuna Rutherford?

Musayendisiti akaisa ruzivo rwekuparadzira alpha zvinyorwa. Simba ravo raifanira kupfuura nepakati nepakati tsvina yegoridhe yemapuranga. Rutherford akasarudza goridhe nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka: chaiva chinhu ichi chakanga chakajeka, uye zvaive zvichikwanisika kuvhara imwe yeatomu yakakura. Panguva yekuedza, Rutherford akawana zvinotevera. Mamwe mavara e-alpha akapfuura nepombi, achiumba pahwindo.

Zvimwe zvakanga zvanyorwa chete pazvikamu zvemaoko. Nyanzvi yezvemasayendisiti yakaratidza kuti mari yakanaka mukati meatomu inonyanya mukati memukati yaro, uye kuti nuclei yeatomu dzakasiyana inoparadzaniswa nematombo makuru. Chiitiko umo kemikemikari inoparadzanisa zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo rwakakosha zvinonzi chiitiko chemaharaacactivity chaiwo. Iye zvino yakava kuzivikanwa, sezvinopupurirwa nechishamiso che radioactivity. Zvakazoitika kuti nuclei yeatomu inopiwa nekwanisi yekuora zvishoma.

Chain fission reaction ye nucleus

Rutherford akaratidzawo mamwe maitiro ekuora kwema radioactive. Somuenzaniso, kana nzara inoparadzaniswa, nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzisingawaniki dzinogona kuitika. Nokudaro, kupindira kweketani ye fission, inonzi musayendisiti, inogona kurongwa. Neyo, iyo neutronti dzisina mahwanda, kupararira mune imwe svikiro ine zvinhu zvinorema, inokanganisa kuonekwa kwemasutronti matsva. Kana izvi zviri mukati zvinoratidzika nepamusoro wezvinhu zveutrotoni, zvino iyo nzira inopararira-yakafanana. Apo nhamba yeeutrononi isingakwanisi, mararamiro emaketani zvishoma nezvishoma anoderera kusvika zero. Chigadziriswa chekugadzirisa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvakachengetedzwa zvakagadziridzwa chinonzi nuclear nuclear reactor.