The kwemakemikari ehupfumi pamusoro aldehydes: zvakaitwa sirivha girazi

Aldehydes vari dzichipfekeka nomukaka zviri Mahydrocarbon, umo mamiriro pane boka CO (carbonyl boka). For nyore aldehydes sezvisingakoshi rakagara richidudzirwa kuchengetwa (yenhau) mazita, anogadzirwa kubva zita carboxylic acids, izvo dzikwanise aldehydes kubudikidza oxidation. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro IUPAC Nomenclature, hwaro achitora wakarebesa cheni chine aldehyde boka. Kutanga rinosvika yeHydrocarbon cheni anogadzirwa kubva kabhoni atomu rimwe carbonyl boka (CO), iro pacharo anogamuchira rokuremekedza nhamba 1. huru yeHydrocarbon cheni inowedzerwa kuguma "said". Sezvo aldegidogruppa iri panguva cheni mugumo nhamba 1, kazhinji haana kunyora. Isomerism isomerism aripo yeimwe imhaka munhu yeHydrocarbon marangwanda.

The aldehydes vakawana nenzira dzakawanda: oxo muitiro, alkynes hydration, oxidation uye dehydrogenation pamusoro alcohols. Kugadzirira aldehydes kubva chikuru alcohols zvinoda chaiwo ezvinhu, sezvo wakadenha Organic yeimwe nyore oxidized kuti carboxylic acid. Aldehydes inogona synthesized nokuda dehydrating porusvingo alcohols pamberi mhangura. Chimwe chikuru maindasitiri nzira hwokubereka aldehydes ndiwo maitiro oxo usage, iyo inobva maitiro ane alkene, C0 uye H2 pamberi catalysts ine Co, pane imwe tembiricha rworwendo 200 uye kumanikidzwa 20 MPa. Izvi zvakaitwa unobuda muna mvura kana gasi chokutambudzika maererano anorimwa: RCH = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (CH) 3C0H. Aldehydes zvinogona vakazvigadzirirwa hydrolysis digalogenoproizvodnyh Mahydrocarbon. Munguva yokutsiva iri halogen maatomu ari OH mapoka zvenguva aumbwa anonzi heme-diol ndiro kusagadzikana uye mudzoke mune carboxylic mukomboni pamwe kubviswa H20.

Makemikari pfuma aldehydes - unhu mukupindura sirivha. Munguva oxidation yacho aldehydes vari kutendeukira carboxylic asidhi (semuenzaniso, S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Chero akazvitsaurira bhuku angawana ruzivo pamusoro chii sirivha girazi maitiro rinoshandiswa nokuda kuziva aldehydes. boka iri Organic yeimwe zvinogona oxidized kwete chete nokuda kuitwa chaiyo oxidizing nevasori, asi nokungoti panguva okuchengetera pasi pokudzora mhepo okisijeni. The nyore izvo aldehydes oxidised kuti carboxylic asidhi kubvumirwa kuva Qualitative siyana (sirivha girazi maitiro) kune izvi Organic yeimwe, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise nokukurumidza uye anonyatsoratidza kuti kuvapo aldehyde ari kupiwa mhinduro.

Kana neshungu ane ammoniacal mhinduro esirivha oxide kuna iine acid aldehyde iri oxidized. Kana ichi ipfupi kuti esimbi sirivha uye iiswe pamusoro chubhu pamadziro somunhu rima rukoko ine maitiro Gloss - sirivha girazi kuita. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pane zvinhu zvakawanda kuti dzisina chokuita aldehydes, asi ivo vari kugonawo vachipinda pamusoro zvakaitwa. Nokuti kuziva yeimwe izvi vakashandisa imwe Qualitative maitiro nokuda aldehydes - mhangura girazi kuita. In zvakaitwa aldehydes pamwe Fehling reagent ane rebhuruu ruvara (ane aqueous mhinduro pamusoro cupric hydroxide, imwe alkali uye iine acid tartrate munyu) pamusoro divalent mhangura ipfupi kuti monovalent. Zvanzi inowira dzvuku mashava precipitate pamusoro cuprous oxide.

Saka, sei voitakura kunze zvakaitwa sirivha girazi? Zvaizoratidza sokuti hapana nyore anodziya zvakakwana muhari ammoniacal mhinduro kuti sirivha kunomumwe aldehydes (semuenzaniso, mumwe shuga kugadzirisa kana formaldehyde) asi nzira iyi haisi nguva dzose korona kukunda. Dzimwe nguva tinoona paumbwe munhu mutema kuturika esirivheri mhinduro, pane mugirazi unhani pamusoro pamasvingo glassware. Nderipi chikonzero nokukundikana? For 100% mugumisiro zvakafanira kuomerera zvakaitwa ezvinhu, uye nokungwarira kugadzirira girazi pamusoro.