Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika ufanane National upfumi yose

Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza kuita, mamiriro, maitiro uye zvekuita zviri upfumi rose uye kwete ayo mumwe masangano, zvikamu kana misika, akadzidza ari micro chechetere. It anoongorora yenyika dzakapoteredza uye pasi rose zvinhu. Micro- uye macroeconomics vane nzira mbiri huru kuti kudzidza upfumi.

tsananguro

Macroeconomics (the chivakashure "makro" muchiGiriki rinoreva "guru") inodzidza uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zviratidzo zvakadai zvakakomba anopfuyiwa chigadzirwa, urovha, mutengo indices uye ukama pakati siyana sectors hwenyika. Its chikuru chinangwa - ndiko kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti sei zvose zvinoshanda. Macroeconomists mubasa rokuvaka mienzaniso kuti anotsanangura ukama pakati zviratidzo zvakadai kugadzirwa, National mari, mitengo, urovha, mari, kuparadzwa, mubhizimisi, dzakawanda zvokutengeserana uye mari. Kana masayendisiti Micro-pamwero vanoongorora kunyanya nomumwe chiito nevasori uye mumwe pamisika, upfumi kunoonekwa sechinhu nehurongwa umo zvinhu zvose zviri dyidzana uye zvazvinoita nokubudirira kana kukundikana.

nyaya dzokudzidza

Uyu musoro wakakura chaizvo nzvimbo. Zvisinei, tinogona kutaura kuti macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza huru mbiri zvinhu:

• Zvinokonzera uye migumisiro National mari nokufamba kwenguva pfupi. Ndizvo bhizimisi yatinofema.
• Determinants refu zvoupfumi kukura. Ndizvo pacharo rudzi mari.

mhando Macroeconomic uye rakatangwa tichibatsirwa Zvaifungidzirwa izvi zvinoshandiswa nehurumende yenyika nokuda kukura uye kunyatsoongorora vavo mari uye fiscal negwaro.

zvinhu pfungwa

Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza National upfumi hwose. Naizvozvo hapana zvinoshamisa pakuti vakafukidza zvakasiyana siyana pfungwa uye variables. Zvisinei, pane nyaya huru nhatu macroeconomic tsvakurudzo. Dzidziso inogona chokuita firimu, urovha, kana mitengo. nyaya iyi inokosha kuti zvose kwoupfumi vamiririri, kwete chete nokuti vanotsvakurudza.

kugadzirwa

National mari chiyero zvachose Vhoriyamu zvose kuti pave nehurumende kuti imwe nguva. Nekuti macroeconomics rinorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza yose National upfumi seboka, zvakakosha kuongorora kurimwa kwete chete asiwo mune mazwi zvinokosha. Nyaya uye mari kazhinji vaiona nerokuti. Dzinowanzotanga kuratidzwa maererano zvakakomba wechipfuwo chigadzirwa, kana mumwe ezvinhu omunyika nhoroondo zviratidzo. Vaongorori, vari kuita-refu tarisiro shanduko goho, kudzidza kukura kwoupfumi. Wokupedzisira zvinokonzerwa zvinhu zvakadai Kunatsiridzwa kworuzivo, kuunganidza midziyo nezvimwe zvinhu guru, kuvandudzika nedzidzo. Business zvinogara kungaita kwenguva pfupi kuderera mukurima, kureva vanonzi kudzikira. National policies zvinofanira zvainanga kudzivirira dzavo uye kuwedzera kukura kwoupfumi.

urovha

Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo upfumi pfungwa, izvo, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, yave kudzidza misoro mikuru mitatu. Urovha - mumwe wavo. pamwero Its kunoonekwa nokuda chikamu vanhu vasingashandi. Ichi chikamu muzana haibatanidzi pamudyandigere vanhu uye vadzidzi. Kune mhando dzakawanda kwemabasa:

• Classical. Anozviratidza kana hwakasimbiswa basa pamusika, mubayiro ndiwo kukwirira, saka makambani havadi kuhaya okuwedzera mudonzvo.
• Kukweshera. Izvi mhando kwemabasa kunoitika nokuti kuti kutsvaka nzvimbo itsva mabasa - kunyange pane yakakodzera mabasa - zvinoda nguva.
• Mamiriro. Rinotaura yakawanda rose subspecies, izvo chokuita kugadzirisa upfumi. Muchiitiko ichi pane mismatch pakati unyanzvi zvinowanikwa uye vanhu unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti basa. dambudziko Izvi kungangoitika maererano robotics uye computerization hwenyika.
• Cyclic. mutemo Okun inoti pamusoro empirical ukama pakati zvoupfumi kukura uye mabasa. Three muzana kuwedzera mukurima kunotungamirira nokuwedzera basa 1%. Zvisinei, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti kwemabasa hakudzivisiki panguva recessions.

kusakosha kwemari

Macroeconomics akatsunga kuita chete kugadzirwa uwandu basa kubasa. Pazvese, unhu mutengo fuma mutengi mudengu. kuchinja aya akayera kushandisa chaiwo maindex. Mitengo kunoitika apo National zvoupfumi "overheating", kukura anotanga zviitike zvakare nokukurumidza. Panyaya iyi, iyo macroeconomy rinorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza nzira iyo unogona kudzora mari nerubatsiro uye kudzivirira mutengo hikes. Pahwaro ayo mhedziso yakavakirwa hurumende mari uye fiscal mitemo. Somuenzaniso, kuderedza mitengo kunogona kuwedzera chimbadzo kana kuderedza mari rive. Kushaya chero mhando kwaibatsira zviito nechepakati pamahombekombe kungaita kuti chokwadi mune munzanga uye nedzimwe migumisiro kunaka. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti deflation zvingaita kuti rutapudzo okuwana. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti kudzikamisa mitengo, kwete achivabvumira-chinja pamusoro chero mapato.

macroeconomic Modèles

Kuti kutsanangura zvakajeka sei munyika yose uye National upfumi, aishandisa Graphics. Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti vanodzidza mhando huru matatu mienzaniso:

1. AD-AS. Muenzaniso uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mutsigiro nomudonzvo, kudiwa mwero iri kufunga zvose pfupi uye refu.
2. IS-LM. Purogiramu-pakuponesa upfumi - ibatanidzo zvakanakanaka mari uye chinokosha pamisika.
3. kukura womuenzaniso. Somuenzaniso, dzidziso Roberta Solou.

Monetary uye fiscal mitemo

Macroeconomics rinowanzoshandiswa rinorondedzerwa so nzvimbo dzidziso, mhedziso namaberere kuti inogona nyore kushandisa. Uye ichi ichokwadi. Kudzikamisa upfumi inowanzoshandiswa dzibvise uye fiscal mitemo. The chikuru chinangwa nzira idzi - kuti vabudirire GDP kukura tichiregeredza kubasa.

Monetary negwaro iri kuitwa ne nechepakati mabhanga uye chokuita nokudzora mari nerubatsiro Via zvigadziriswe akawanda. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inogona kuunza mari kutenga zvisungo kana zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvichaita kuderedza mubereko prices. Monetary negwaro haagoni kubudirira nokuda liquidity musungo. Kana mitengo uye mubereko prices pedyo zero, tsika matanho hadzishandi. Muchiitiko chino, zvinogona kubatsira, akadai quantitative easing.

Fiscal negwaro kunosanganisira kushandisa paruzhinji zveminda uye havashandisi mari yakawanda kuti matambudziko pamusoro upfumi. Ngatitii, ari National zvoupfumi pane kukwana chinzvimbo Utilisation. The vaisagona kuwedzera zvayo mari kuburikidza munhu multiplier zvazviri, uye tinogona kukura mune goho kwenhumbi uye mabasa.

Nhoroondo dzidziso pakukura

Macroeconomics kunorondedzerwa so indasitiri kuti dzakabuda kukurukurwa bhizimisi kutenderera. Uwandu Dzidziso mari nomukurumbira chaizvo pamberi Hondo Yenyika II. Mumwe mushanduro yayo vaiva Irving Fisher. It akagadzira known mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: M (mari bhidha) * V (avo kuparadzirwa mwero) = P (mutengo pamwero) * Q (goho). Ludwig Von Mises, mumiririri pachikoro yeAustria, muna 1912 akabudisa pepa umo makro-zvoupfumi misoro akaputirwa kokutanga. It akaumba pfungwa pashure Depression. Mazuva ano chimiro macroeconomics yakatanga Bhuku Dzhona Meynarda Keynes 'General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Mari. " Uyezve ongororo kwemauto yose zvaisanganisira vamiririri zvose mirayiridzo, kunyanya monetarists uye chiNazi chekare.