Pakuwana alkenes

Alkenes - iri unsaturated acyclic Mahydrocarbon, izvo zvinosanganisira kaviri chisungo kabhoni maatomu mumwe chete. Zvinoumba chete homology kunzwisisa (nhamba) inoratidza mukana wokuti vanhu vanga mukomboni kuti fomura CnH2n. Somuenzaniso, kuti nzira iri kwokutanga dzino zvinhu - ethylene - C2H4, payakavakirwa rechishanu mutsara pentene - C5H10, chegumi decene - C10H20.

The kabhoni maatomu mu izvi zvinhu pamberi miviri chisungo vachingotya hybridization sp², saka, ari Valence pakona rimwe samolecular mamiriro iri 120 °. The nyore alkene ndiyo ethylene chete nzira C2H4. Homologous munhevedzano alkenes uye kuratidza mazita avo, izvo zviri inoumbwa kuwedzera runoenzanirana chivakashure.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kugadzirira alkenes kunotemwa zvachose aro zvemakemikari zvivako uye unhu. Somuenzaniso, avo vane anopfuura maviri kabhoni maatomu pakusanganisirawo kusika isomers. Saka pane muenzaniso wakaumbwa pakuti yakakura uwandu kabhoni maatomu zviri imwe alkene, ndipo anokwanisa kuumba isomers.

ehupfumi zvokunyama yeimwe izvi inobvawo pane nzvimbo iri homologous akatevedzana. Somuenzaniso, kubvunda pfungwa, achibika pfungwa uye arambe achirema nokuda ethylene vari azvaitwa -169,1, -103,7 uye 0,5700. Chete parameters wechisere ari dzinotevedzana alkene - octene - vakaenzana, ukuwo, -101,7, -121,3 uye 0,7140.

First pakuwana alkenes kwakaitika muna 1669 apo mumwe kemisiti wokuGermany vaBhekeri akasarudza naye kunze matambudziko sulfuric asidhi pamusoro doro. Panguva iyi musayendisiti vasingagoni kuona gasi chaibwinya, uye saka haana kumupa zita, uye anongonzi "mhepo." Pave paya, "mhepo vaBhekeri" iri chaizvoizvo imwecheteyo, uye vakagamuchira Dutch Deyman Potts Van Troostvik muna 1795. nguva ino, masayendisiti zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama nzira dzavo kugadzirira alkenes, uye uvape rakasiyana zita - ". maslorodny gasi" akaberekwa zita iri nokuti, panguva maitiro kuiisa chlorine iumbe jikichira mvura, chete gare gare vanozivikanwa se dichloroethane kemisiti kubva France Antuanom Furkrua.

Uyezve, pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore naJ Gay-Lussac akawana kuti panyaya iyi inosanganisira, kuwedzera kune chaiko "maslorodnogo" gasi uye mvura mamorekuru.

J. Dumas uye P. Bull muna 1928 akavhura vawane alkenes kubva ethyl chloride. Zvinofadza kuti kwenguva refu zvikuru nguva, mishonga vaisagona zvakanaka kunyora nzira yokuita mukomboni. Chete muna 1848 Mowing zvakaita ethylene uye zvakanyorwa kuva S4N4.

Zvakasikwa, pane chinenge hapana alkenes. Ethylene ndiye mumiririri nyore ari homologous series, iri muchimiro kemikari mune dzimwe zvirimwa.

Lower alkenes muchetura uye anogona pamatunhu kuwanda kukonzera marwadzo kushanda. Kana ingestion kuvakuru alkenes zvinogona kuonekwa nokugwinha uye kufema edema.

Kwakakura pamusoro samolecular kurema kunotema kubika pfungwa uye kubvunda yeimwe izvi uye avo ezvinhu aggregation. Alkenes kubva pakutanga kusvika chechina dzinoti - magasi weshanu nemanomwe kutora chimiro emura, uye inotevera - nezvishoma. Pasina chaakasiya alkenes zvose havasi soluble mumvura asi zvakanaka soluble mune zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

Under ano ezvinhu, pane dzakawanda dzakasiyana kubudisa alkenes. Saka, kune nzira hwokubereka alkenes, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera indasitiri miitiro.

Nzira inokosha yakakwirira tembiricha CATALYTIC Cracking kwacho kunosanganisira negasi uye yeHydrocarbon yeimwe zviri oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo. Pachinhu rezasi, zvinokwanisika kuti kushandisa nzira uye kuti kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols.

The mumarabhoritari uyewo kushandisa nzira iyi, asi pano maitiro ari kuitwa pamberi simba acids anoshandiswawo nzira synthesizing Hoffmann uye Chugaeva. Nokuti dzimwe nzira synthesizing zvinosanganisira Burda, inova kubviswa bromine.

Alkenes inokosha mbishi zvinhu makemikari maindasitiri, dzinoshandiswa kubudisa yakawanda kuti makemikari. Saka kuwana alkenes zvinokosha inoenda pakukura makemikari promyschlennosti dzose dzakabudirira.