Nhoroondo magetsi kukura. The masayendisiti vakabatsira kuti pave magetsi engineering, uye avo zvigadzirwa

Electrical - yakakura chaizvo munda zivo, izvo zvinosanganisira zvose zvine chokuita nokushandiswa yemagetsi simba. Izvi budiriro zvirongwa, mano, midziyo uye zvinoriumba, uye kudzidza remagetsi mananara vavo zvinobatsira. Zvezvinotaurwa zvemagetsi okugadzira - zvose okukurukura hwedu.

Matangiro Ayakaita

History of Electrical Development zvakasimba chaizvo vanhu munhoroondo yake pakukura. Vanhu kuziva zvakasikwa, dzavakange vasingagoni kutsanangura. History of Electrical Development - kugara kuedza kudzokorora chii chaiitika vakamupoteredza.

Kudzidza kwacho kwakatora vazhinji emakore. Asi chete nemanomwe remakore nhoroondo zvemagetsi okugadzira yakatanga Countdown zvayo yevanhu kushandiswa nezivo chaiyo uye unyanzvi.

pfungwa

The masayendisiti vakabatsira kuti pave zvemagetsi okugadzira - iri zvuuru mazita, vose munyaya ino hazvigoni kutaurwa. Asi pane munhu, ane tsvakurudzo wakabatsira kuti nyika yedu zvazvakaita ikozvino.

Zvinyorwa vanotaura kuti: rokutanga vaivhomora pfungwa kuti pashure vachidzipukuta rinopenya pamusoro amakwai, unogona kuswedera zvinhu, waiva muGiriki muzivi Thales pakati paMireto. kuedza ake akaita muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. No mhedziso inokosha, zvinosuwisa, aisagona kuita. Asi zvose ake zvakawanika yaakanga anyatsowana akanyorwa uye chakasvitswa nevazukuru.

Zita rakatevera iri pasi "masayendisiti, nemagetsi mainjiniya uye zvavo zvavakaita" zvimiso akazviratidza chete muna 1663, apo guta muMagdeburg Otto Fon Gerike akagadzira muchina, inova bhora kuti anogona kukwezva kwete chete, asi vanopesana zvinhu.

Famous masayendisiti

Zvadaro, Home Electronics akaisa kwakadaro kuzivikanwa masayendisiti, akadai:

• Stiven Gray, vakaperekedza kwakaita nokupfuuridzirwa magetsi pamusoro kure. The zvokutsvakurudza yake yaiva mhedziso kuti anoramba dzakasiyana zvinoparadzira simba.
• Sharl Dyufe, uyo akafunga dzidziso rakasiyana-siyana magetsi.
• Dutchman Pieter Van Musschenbroek. Zvava nembiri kuvamba condenser.
• Achishingaira vadzidza Fani Georg Richman uye Mikhail Lomonosov.
• Benjamin Franklin. Uyu wakaburukira munhau sezvo vakatanga mheni netsvimbo.
• Luigi Galvani.
• Vasily Petrov.
• Sharl Kulon.
• Hans Oersted.
• Alessandro Volta.
• Andre Ampere.
• Maykl Faradey, uye vamwe vakawanda.

energetics

ndiyo sainzi iyo unotora zvinoriumba ina dzokutanga uye mujinga iyo simba - Electrical. Ndicho sayenzi rudzi, kupararira uye kudyiwa simba. Vanhu akagona zvinobudirira kushandisa ruzivo urwu kwavo kushandisa chete muzana remakore rechi19.

Chinyakare bhatiri anobvumira mudziyo kushanda chete kwechinguva, kuti haana kugutsa vavariro masayendisiti. The vakatanga zvikabva of jenareta rokutanga vakava Hungarian Anosh Ányos Jedlik muna 1827. Zvinosuruvarisa vana vavo musayendisiti patented, uye zita rake anoramba chete munhoroondo mumabhuku.

Papera chidhayinamo dzakachinja Ippolit Piksi. The mudziyo uri nyore: a stator kuti zvinowanisa kugara remagineti, uye chine windings.

History of zvemagetsi engineering simba kukura kuita pasina kudoma zita Michael Faraday. Ndiye akazogadzira jenareta yokutanga, iyo anobvumirwa kupa kutira uye kugara voltage. Naizvozvo, nzira vave nani Shtererom Emile Henry Wilde, Zenobia magiramu.

DC

Muna 1873 pagungano pashoo muVienna kwakaratidzwa pachena nokuda kushanda pombi kubva muchina, yaiva inopfuura kiromita kure.

Electricity nechivimbo kukunda nyika. Vanhu vakava kuwanika kwakadaro wamboonekwa zvinhu zvitsva sezvo neteregirafu, ari electric motor mune motokari nezvikepe, mumaguta chiedza. Huge Dynamos vari kuramba kushandiswa pakugadzira Magetsi pamusoro muindasitiri akamboona. Maguta akatanga ngapaonekwe trams vokutanga uye trolleybuses. Pfungwa DC massively chinozoiswa akakurumbira musayendisiti Thomas Edison. Zvisinei, ruzivo urwu zvavaikanganisa ayo.

Yokungotaura Electrical Engineering mune zvedzidzo zvinyorwa raireva kufukidza kupfuura zvinoita nhamba dzomumisha kwevanhu nenharaunda pamwe magetsi. Asi DC ane shoma chaizvo siyana - anenge maviri kana matatu makiromita, ipapo makuru kurasikirwa akatanga. Chinokosha yezwi ane rakatumbuka kwazvino simbi uye kukura generating michini, pakukura kwayo fekitari.

Nikola Tesla

Muvambi idzva Michina anoonekwa kuti musayendisiti Serbian Nikola Tesla. Kwoupenyu hwake chose kuti adzidze AC okuita, kutamira kuti kure. Electrical (nokuti beginners zviri inonakidza chokwadi) inovakwa vawane zvarinotaura. Nhasi, musha wese ane mumwe zvisikwa zviri musayendisiti mukuru.

The muvambi akapa nyika multiphase emagetsi, induction injini, mumwe pakaunda uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa. Pashure pemakore basa neteregirafu, runhare kambani, kuti Edison rabhoritari uye zvadaro vari mabhizimisi avo Tesla aiva chiitiko chikuru somugumisiro vakawandisa kuedza.

Vanhu, zvinosuruvarisa haana kugamuchira chegumi zvinowanikwa nesayenzi. Varidzi oiri zvave zvakasimba kurwisa yemagetsi chimurenga angambosvika iripo kwavari kuedza kumisa kufambira mberi kwaro.

Maererano runyerekupe, Nicola akakwanisa kusika uye kumisa madutu, fambisa magetsi pasina waya chero nguva ari panyika, teleported warship, uye kunyange wakatsamwisa kuwa meteorite kuSiberia. Very murume anoshamisa aiva.

Somugumisiro, Nicola zvakanaka, vachitamba AC. Electrical ouinjiniya (kunyanya beginners) kutanga inotaura pamusoro nemitemo yake. Aiva zvakanaka, kuti magetsi inogona zvokudya nezviuru zvemakiromita vachishandisa chete conductors. Kana zvechigarire "hama" simba zvinokosha kuva ose maviri kana matatu makiromita. Mukuwedzera, zvinofanira kugara kuchengetedzwa.

To musi, DC achiri kusiya nzvimbo yemagetsi chokufambisa - trams, trolley mabhazi, dzemagetsi locomotives, michini mafekitari, bhatiri, mundiro. Zvisinei, vakapiwa kukura zvigadzirwa, zvingangoita kuti "postoyanke" Nokukurumidza ichange chete pamapeji enhau.

electromechanics

The zvemagetsi zvikamu yechipiri iyo anotsanangura musimboti rokutendeutsa zvokuimba simba kupinda zvemagetsi simba ndiEzekieri, anonzi electromechanics.

Wokutanga musayendisiti yavivshim nyika basa ravo pamusoro electromechanics, aiva musayendisiti Swiss Engelbert Arnold, uyo muna 1891 akabudisa bhuku iri dzidziso uye magadzirirwo muchina windings. Zvadaro, migumisiro nyika nesayenzi kukasawedzerwa Blondel tsvakurudzo Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus Tolvinskogo, Circle Park.

Muna 1942, muHungary-American Gabriel Kron pakupedzisira vakakwanisa kuronga vakawanda dzidziso yokuti zvose zvemagetsi michina uye nokudaro nokubatanidza kuitwa nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda muzana remakore rapfuura.

Electromechanics ainakidzwa yakadzikama mubereko masayendisiti munyika yose, uye ipapo pairi rine sayenzi zvakadai electrodynamics (anoongorora ukama magetsi uye rinobva mananara), hurongwa (kudzidza inofamba kwemiviri uye aiita pakati pavo), uye Thermal Physics (yokungotaura simba pezvingoro, wethermodynamics, kupisa uye vakawanda chinja ) uye vamwe.

Matambudziko huru kuti dzave akadzidza mukati yechinangwa tsvakurudzo kudzidza uye kukura transformers, kutenderera remagineti, ari Linear mutoro ano, kugara Arnold. nyaya Main - zvemagetsi uye asynchronous michini,-siyana transformers.

postulates Electromechanics

The nhatu dzinonyanya zvinodavirwa muchitendero Electromechanics ndiyo mitemo:

• remagetsi induction Faraday;
• zvachose uno kune rinobva wedunhu;
• remagetsi mauto (aizivikanwawo mutemo Ampere waMwari).

Somugumisiro, zvokutsvakurudza masayendisiti, Electricians, yakanga zvakaratidza kuti simba risingazununguswi pasina kurasikirwa, michina zvose zvinogona kushanda mune gwenya muoti uye jenareta uye kuti muminda rotor uye stator anogara ndee hama kune mumwe.

The chikuru payakavakirwa ndiyo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

• motokari yemagetsi;
• zvakanyatsoenzana voltage windings ose magetsi michina;
• remagetsi torque.

Otomatiki kuzvidzora hurongwa

Direction vanotozvikuvadza akava akakurumbira pashure zvakava pachena kuti kubudirira michina unogona kutsiva basa dzevanhu.

Automatic kuzvidzora - kukwanisa havarongi kushanda nemamwe mano kana kunyange hurongwa yose. Operable nokuda tembiricha, velocity, kufamba uye kukurumidza kufamba pamakona. Bata anogona kuitwa zvizere otomatiki rudzi, uye pamwe chikamu ari munhu.

The muchina uyu mhando wokutanga kunogona kunzi chikwata, yakagadzirirwa naCharles Bebidzhem. Achibatsirwa mashoko huri yepanchi makadhi chingaitwe pombi kudzora achishandisa hwemvura injini.

Kombiyuta yokutanga yakanga chinorondedzerwa zvakanyorwa nyanzvi Irish Percy Ludgate, zvakanga akapa kuruzhinji muna 1909.

Analog kombiyuta mano yakaonekwa chete isati yatanga Yechipiri World War. Ruvengo wandei nemhuru kukura ichi vaizotibata indasitiri.

The kumumvuri of kombiyuta ano wokutanga akasikwa yokuGermany Konrad Zuse muna 1938.

Kusvika panguva otomatiki kuzvidzora hurongwa, sezvo akazvarwa kwakaitwa vavambi vakabudirira kutsiva vanhu mafekitari, kuita kupfuura monotonous uye ngozi basa.

Electronics

Danho rinotevera kukura magetsi simbi, zvemagetsi kuti muri bhiriyoni nguva kunyatsoenderana kupfuura zvavo analoginen dzomuzana.

The yakakurumbira kuvamba German yokutanga iri Cipher muchina "kutadza kunzwisisa". Zvino - the British yemagetsi decoders izvo vakaedza kugadzirisa oma Codes.

Paivawo macalculator uye makombiyuta.

Panguva kuitika Danho upenyu chokuita zvemagetsi dzeserura uye mahwendefa. Uye chii chichava kukura mano edu mangwana, isu chete anogona fembera. Asi masayendisiti ari kushanda masikati nousiku chete nesu tose vakashamiswa uye kuti upenyu hunakidze uye nyore kunyarara.