Yakakurumbira ezvivako

Shure ose chivakwa ukoshi mapurani. Izvi kashoma kurangarira kunyange kushanyira akakurumbira norunako rwaro mavambo zvivako. Zvichakadai, inozivikanwa ezvivako kupesvedzera kukura tsika hapana zvishoma pane vanyori vemifananidzo. Ivo Sechipanji pfungwa akayangarara mudenga, uye kuvapa zvinhu chimiro. Zvivako vanoratidza musimboti yaitonga, wake manzwiro uye ringareva uzivi, muri ounyanzvi. About vanhu, aendesa navo nyika, uye ichakurukurwa pazasi.

inspirer kuti shasha

The ezvivako inozivikanwa kwazvo kare immortalized mazita avo, ndinosika chivako kwazvo, inozivikanwa kuti runako uye mazana emakore gare gare. Mumwe wavo - Giotto von Bondone. Italian painter uye mapurani, akaberekwa muna 1267. Akava piyona muna ziso Arts, akateya nheyo chikoro Italian kuti kupenda. Giotto Pamifananidzo uye mifananidzo vanoyemurwa Leonardo da Vinci uye Michelangelo.

Dzimwe nguva iye ndiye vakanyora Chapel Del Arena muna Padua, asi kwete vatsvakurudzi ose anobvumirana. Hapana mubvunzo kuti Giotto akasika murals kuti ashongedze Church. Huru mapurani yokusika muuki - bhero shongwe Santa Maria Del it fiore, Florence kuti Cathedral. Giotto haana kurarama kupedza kuvaka - muna 1337, apo akafa, yakavakwa chete weDanho ari mamiriro wokutanga.

anofunga huru

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) kazhinji chepamusoro "akatanhamara ezvivako zvenyika." The yakakurumbira Italian aiva muvezi, muzivi, yokudhirowa uye nyanduri. Pakati mapurani mabasa ake kuzviratidza kuna Medici makereke, Laurentian Library, France kereke St. Lorenzo. Basa rake akavaka Roman Palace of maSeneta uye Palace of vaiomerera. In ezvivako izvi Michelangelo akashandisa huru murayiro, noruoko rwake chiedza ruoko uye ipapo akapinda mufashoni. The mapurani akashanda zano yakakurumbira St. Petro Cathedral muRoma. Today Michelangelo anzi mumwe mukuru vanatenzi munhoroondo yevanhu.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Mukurumbira ezvivako Itaria asingadi kugumira ipapo. Michelangelo vaiona akatsiva Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Akanga asiri chete mapurani asiwo muvezi uye rokupenda. Bernini kusiyaniswa kukwanisa chokubatanidza zvose zvitatu siyana uri, pakusika rimwe kuona nzvimbo. Pamwe Francesco Borromini uye Pietro mambo Cortona, akaisa nheyo yacho Baroque mapurani.

Chimwe chikuru mabasa Bernini - woMusande Petro Square chirongwa. Muvharanda pamberi kwayo yakakurumbira Church - uyewo brainchild kuti mapurani. Akashanda pamusoro zvenyika uye vezvitendero zvivako. Kana ukaronga wokupedzisira Bernini kazhinji ndinoshandisa akavanzika chiedza zvinyorwa kuti dzikurukure pfungwa zvinoberekwa basa. Ndiye muvambi vazhinji yamatsime yeRoma, pasina izvo zvakaoma kufungidzira Eternal City.

Palladianets pamusoro Adams dzinza roumambo

Zvino uchatamisa muenzaniso kuna Scotland of XVIII remakore. Pano muna 1728 akaberekwa Robert Adam, mumwe zvinokosha vamiririri British classicism. Aiva palladiantsev youmambo, mangwanani vateveri classicism mu mapurani. Kunyorerana kwemanyorero zvinhu vainyanya kuomesa symmetry uye kushandiswa canons, makasimbiswa munguva Antiquity.

Adam zvisikwa vane kucherechedzwa manyorero chaiyo. Vari kuzivikanwa nenyama uye runako, kakawanda kuwanika neogothic okunze. Mapurani akatanga unonzi Style vaAdhamu. Akakwanisa nokubatanidza dzinokosha zvinhu classicism nyore zvakadai sokunge kuti refu akararama pakati mabasa yekare nguva uye kuziva sei kufunga creators ayo.

It richiripo kwaro chimiro chokutanga, shomanana mapurani ounyanzvi Adhamu. Pakati pavo vane private imba Kedleston Hall pedyo netaundi Derby. Mumakore achangopfuura, murongedzeri aishanda kunyanya Edinburgh. Basa rake yakavakwa chivakwa yunivhesiti muguta.

Famous ezvivako Russian

Uye munyika yedu, pamusoro iyoyo rakashanda Vasily Bazhenov. Architecture theorist, mudzidzisi uye yokudhirowa, aifarira classicism uye nheyo Russian ekunyebera yacho. Bazhenov akasika zvimwe zvivako zvinoorora muMoscow uye St. Petersburg. Mumwe zvivako yakakurumbira munyika guru nhasi - Pashkov House - akavaka maererano nepurani yake. Nanhasi akapotsa haana kuti inoshanda Bazhenov.

A mapurani St. Petersburg rokutanga vakava Domenico Trezzini. Akafemera hupenyu hutsva kunyika Russian mapurani, vachiuya nawo European tsika. Trezzini ndiye muvambi vakawanda zvivako kuti kusika yaizivikanwa chitarisiko St. Petersburg kwatiri. Izvi zvinosanganisira Summer Palace of Peter Mukuru, Peter uye Paul Cathedral, gumi Colleges chivakwa apo yunivhesiti iri nhasi.

In St. Petersburg, mumakore siyana aishanda uye akakurumbira ezvivako Russian Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov nevamwe. Wokupedzisira izvi aiva mudzidzi Trezzini. Zemtsov yakava Russian mapurani yeguta iri Neva rokutanga. Pakati zvaakasika mukutanga Baroque runobva Church of St. Simiyoni Anna, kuti Pazvinoitika "Gold Mountain" muna Lower Peterhof Park, Anichkov Palace chirongwa uye vakavakazve zvachose pashure chitarisiko Cathedral moto.

ezvivako Soviet

Vakawanda vakakurumbira ezvivako of Labor uye USSR. Panzvimbo pfungwa, inotungamirirwa Nikolai Ladovsky, edza kuita zvinhu sezvazviri kuumba uye nziyo vakasvika constructivists avo vaifunga vakuru chinokosha aesthetization. Mutsindo vamiririri yokupedzisira vaiva Vecino hama. A chinokosha chiratidzo muchimiro Moscow akasiya Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, aichimbova mukuru mapurani guru kubva 60 kusvikira mangwanani okuma80. Pamusana kwaari, akazviratidza muguta Muzinda Congresses, CMEA chivakwa, mitambo kunzwisisa "Olympic" uye zvichingodaro.

initiators zvidavado

Home yakakurumbira ezvivako nguva yedu yakasiyana mabasa wokupedzisira eclectic. Kana manyorero kumashure mamita ari Renaissance uye ano kuona chaizvo nyore, zvivako vanhasi kazhinji sangana zvinhu kubva kwakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, eclecticism haana kuberekwa ari Vacuum: nokuti nevanopinda nyaya siyana, vakawanda izvo zvave rokupedzisira remakore.

Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira mirayiridzo iri mapurani - yepamusorosoro. Pioneer Style anowanzonzi Norman Foster (b. 1935) uye ake "Bureau mana." Iye akasika yendege Hong Kong, "Millennium" zambuko uye Gherkin muLondon. Paivakwa rokupedzisira kushandiswa unonzi the retina yakataurwa Russian mapurani Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), uyo Foster, kwake kubvuma, anofunga chidhori chake. Shukhov akasika rokutanga yedu nyika mafuta mapaipi uye painocheneserwa. Aishanda kwavari pakuvaka zvivako, simbi pajira riya goko papera nguva vanova mumwe kufarira zvinhu vamiririri yepamusorosoro. Bureau Foster-akagadzirirwa chivako Russia: vavakezve chitsuwa New Holland, zvino pasi kuvaka MIBC "Moscow-City".

Maererano zvakasikwa

Kusiyana mhoro-Tech, achikudza noukuru zvokugadzira zvinhu mberi, manyorero ari bio-Tech anopa kusika zvivako, kwete achirwisana zvakasikwa, uye kuramba nayo. Vazhinji anozivikanwa ezvivako ano inobhadhara mutero pfungwa iyi. Muvambi ichaongororwa kuti manyorero Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Vazhinji mabasa yakakurumbira Spanish mapurani yaiva Barcelona. basa rake - Güell Palace, Casa Mila, Casa batllo - hazvibviri kuvhiringidza pamwe chinhu. Vairatidza kurarama uye kutama. Kufemera nokuti tenzi yakanga zvisikwa. Nokudaro, fluidity chaiyo zvivako, kushaya yakarurama mitsetse, kujairika zvitarisiko uye mifananidzo. Basa rake ichiri kumisa temberi Family Mutsvene, akafanana kunze ane jecha Castle.

Kuda kubatana pamwe zvakasikwa - chine chimiro zvaMambo ezvivako nomukurumbira vanonzi vateveri Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Iye anonzi rimwe simba zvikuru mukufambisira vatorwa mapurani. Reith akasika pfungwa "makemikari mapurani." The nechepakati Dzidziso dzidziso yave kuvimbika uye kubatana pamwe zvakasikwa. Buildings kubudikidza Wright, muri kuenderera yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, kubudikidza isina-ronga ivo dzinoratidzwa kushandiswa dzinongoitika zvinhu, kugadzira zvinhu akakweretwa kubva mutemberi Japanese yekare.

Modernism uye functionalism

No zvishoma zvinokosha mufananidzo ndiye Le Korbyuze (1887-1965). Zvisikwa uye mabasa mapurani French akapa nyika modernist mapurani uye functionalism. Muzvivako zvakavakwa Le Korbyuze hakusi nyore kudzidza. Vari ne volumetric dzakabatana, vanomutswa pamusoro pevhu, flat matenga, tenuka, aiona kwakadzikira, anonzi akasununguka chimiro. All idzi vakurumidza kuva chinokosha mapurani ano.

Chokwadika, pamusoro apa haasi zvose anozivikanwa ezvivako. The raibuda iri refu kwazvo, uye mazita ari kuramba achiudza. Mukurumbira ezvivako nguva yatiri kurarama, kazhinji zvinoratidza zvisikwa vatenzi vekare, zvisina hanya.