Petro Sagaidachny: pfupi biography, zvinyorwa zvinonakidza, nhoroondo yezvenhau

Pyotr Sahaidachnyi akasiya chiratidzo chinokosha munhoroondo. Kurwisana kwekusununguka kweUkraine, kwakasimbiswa munguva yekutonga kwaBohdan Khmelnitsky, kwakatanga zvakananga kuSagaidachny. Mupiro wake kune tsika dzenyika, kudzorerwa kweChechi yeOrthodox uye kusimbiswa kweCossacks hazvifaniri kuongororwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare.

Petr Konashevich-Sahaidachny: a brief biography (vasati 1600)

Muzvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvishoma zvishoma ruzivo rwakapiwa pamusoro pehuduku nevechidiki chemangwana hetman yeUkraine. Mhedzisiro yakakwana kwazvo yehupenyu pamusoro pekutanga kwehupenyu hwaSagaidachny ndiyo nhetembo yemusoro weKeese Brotherhood School Kasiyan Sakovich. Petro akaberekwa munenge muna 1570. Nzvimbo yekuberekwa inogona kusimbiswa chete pamusana pehudziro kubva munhetembo - pedyo neguta rePrzemysys. Takatarisa mepu yeCarpathians yenguva iyoyo, tinogona kufunga kuti iyi ndiyo musha weKulchintsy. Vabereki vakanga vakapfuma kwazvo, asi, kusiyana nevamwe vakawanda vairemekedzwa, vakatevedzera kutenda kweOrthodox.

Pyotr Sagaidachny akadzidza pachikoro chekutanga chekudzidzisa muEastern Europe - yeOstroh Academy. Mushure mokuteerera kusvika padzidzo yakazara yechikoro, anowana dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo. Panenge panguva yekutanga yehupenyu hwehupenyu hunoshamisa hwehupenyu, hapana chinozivikanwa.

Kuonekwa kweSagaidachny muZaporozhye

The Cossacks mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 ndiyo chete yepro-Ukrainian simba. Kuti zvibudirire kushanda kwakasimba kwesimba rakadaro rakasimba, simba reCossacks raifanira kutemerwa munzira yakarurama. Sahaidachny pakutanga akazviisa basa rakadaro uye akazadzisa iro.

Panenge zuva rekumhanyira kuHetmanate zvakaoma kutonga, nokuti pane zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Muongori wenhoroondo weUkrainian M. Melnychuk anotenda kuti muna 1598 Konashevich akanga atozvarudzwa hetman. Mikhail Grushevsky mubasa rake "The History of Ukraine-Rus" inotaura pfungwa yokuti mutungamiriri muna 1601 chete wakasvika kuCossacks. Zvisinei, zvakare hazvina kururama kuti tive nekutenda imwe neimwe yeshanduro dzakataurwa pamusoro.

Kushaikwa kwemashoko pamusoro pemakore ehupenyu hwemutungamiri mushure mokupera kweOstroh Academy inoratidza kuti akaonekwa muZaporozhye pane imwe nzvimbo mushure mokunge 1595, asi aisagona kubva pakarepo kuva hetman. Zvaive zvakakodzera kuwana ruvimbo rweCossacks muhondo. Zvingangodaro, Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny (chithunzi sechiratidziro chakabatanidzwa) akasarudzwa kuti aende kunzvimbo muna 1602-1606.

Zvematongerwe enyika maonero

Mutungamiri wekutanga uyo akarota kuzvisunungura kubva kutongi hwePoland aiva Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Imwe nyanzvi kubva kwaari yakabuda yakanaka. Akaronga sei kuti aone kurota kwake? Pfungwa iyi yaiva yekugadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma Cossacks. Zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuita izvi nenguva iyoyo nemaitiro ekuchinja, nokuti zvose Poland neOttoman Empire dzakanga dzakasimba kwazvo, uye Zaporozhye Army yakanga isina kurongeka sezvinofanira kuva.

Sahaidachny yakaita shanduko yekuchinja. Iye zvino nharaunda yeZaporozhye Army yakakamurwa kuva regiments nedzimba mumaguta makuru. Pamberi pemakamuri maiva nemakoloni, avo vakatungamira hurumende yese yega. Somugumisiro wekushandurwa uku, zvaive zvichikwanisa kusimbisa chikero chemasimba muBanki reBhobha Ukraine.

Nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika Petro Sagaidachny akaona hurumende yeUkraine yakasununguka inotungamirirwa neCossack vezvematongerwe enyika.

Kutanga kufamba

Pyotr Sagaidachny semutungamiriri akazviratidza pakarepo achangotora nzvimbo yeutungamiri. Yokutanga yematambo akakurumbira akaitwa muna 1605. Hondo yeZaporizhian yakakunda Varna (yakasimba yeTurkey). Icho chiratidzo chekukunda uku ndechekuti musi waNovember 10, 1444, vaTurkey kuVarna vakakunda maPoles. Pyotr Sagaidachny pamwe chete nevarwi vake vakaenda kuguta kubva kugungwa, ndokusvika pakunyura, zvichiita kuti irege kunyatsozivikanwa neTurks, iyo yakakwanisa kukunda guta reko. Chinangwa chemushandirapamwe wacho chakazadziswa, nokuti Cossacks yakasunungura varanda, iyo yaiva yakawanda, uye yakaunganidza zvakawanda zvezvikwata.

Gore roga roga mushure mekufamba kwaVarna, Pyotr Sagaidachny uye Cossacks vakafamba. Chinangwa chikuru chegungwa rimwe nerimwe kugungwa ndiko kusunungurwa kwevaUkraine, avo vakatengesa mumashamba evaranda mumaguta eNew Sea Sea anotungamirirwa nenguva iyo neTurks neCrimean Khan. Mukuwedzera, maCossacks akaunza kubva kumakwikwi akawanda ane mhuka yakasiyana-siyana. 1607 yakaratidzwa nekurwiswa neCosacks paCrimean Khanate (Perekop naOchakov vakapiswa). Gore rakatevera, maCossacks akarwisa maguta ari kumaodzanyemba kwemazuva ano Odessa region (Kiliya, Izmail), kubva kune vakawanda vaimbova varanda vakaunzwa.

Mhemberero dzenheyo dzemakore 1614 uye 1616

Rwendo rwemakungwa egungwa haruna kuguma. Simba ravo rakawedzera. Kufamba kweTurkey pachayo kwaive kure uye kwakangozi, asi chinangwa chakanga chakanaka-kukanganisa kune muvengi uye kusunungurwa kwevasungwa. Zviuru zviviri zveCossacks pamahombekombe avo zvakasvika kumhenderekedzo yeTurkey. Vakanga vakakwanisa kuparadza guta rechikepe reSinop. Iko mari yakaenzana yekuparara inofungidzirwa pamamiriyoni makumi mana ezviuru. Muchiitiko ichi, maCossacks akasunungura vasungwa zviuru zvevasungwa veOrthodox kubva.

Kukosha kwekuenda kuCafu muna 1616 kwakaoma kufungisisa. Peter Sagaidachny semutungamiri akaratidza kuva akakwirira, nokuti kubudirira kunobva pane mano. Pakubuda kubva kuDnieper mugungwa, Cossacks yakagumburwa neboka reTurkey mumiganhu yezvaiifanira kuita. Ko Cossacks yakakunda ndokunyengedza vaTurkey: dzimwe dzevanga (uye paiva nevarume 150 muzvose) vakadzokera kuSich, uye vamwe vose vakavanza pedyo neOchakov. VaTurkey vakafunga kuti Cossacks dzakanga dzasara. Kwakanga kusina zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zveCossacks. Kukunda muKafe kwakapa mukana wekudzokera kumhuri dzavo nhamba yakawanda yevaranda veOrthodox.

Petr Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Nhoroondo yezvakaitika zvehutman mumatongerwo emitemo

Sahaidachny akanga ari mumwe wevanhu vakadzidza zvikuru panguva iyoyo muUkraine. Achiziva kuti Cossacks zvaive mauto evanhu vehurumende, asi kure nemumwe nomumwe wavo aiva nedzimwe dzidzo, akasarudza kubatana neCosacks yose muKyiv Brotherhood. Chinangwa: kuvandudzirwa kwemararamiro eUkraine uye kusimudzirwa kwetsika yeCossacks.

Mukuwedzera, Petr Konashevich-Sagaidachny (pfupi biography inopiwa munyaya yacho) akaronga kudzorerwa kweDhipatimendi reOrthodox muKiev. Mushure mokuparidzirwa kweBrest Union ya1586, machechi ose nemakereke akazova nzvimbo yeGreek Catholic Church. Ari munzira yokubva kuMoscow kuenda kuJerusarema kuKiev, akasimudza mukuru weOrthodox, mukuru weTheophilus, uyo akabatana naye. Akatsanangurira tateguru mamiriro ezvinhu akaitika neUkrainian Orthodoxy. Maererano nesarudzo yaTheophilus, yakagamuchirwa pasi pesimba rekumbiro kwehetman, muna 1615 Kyiv Metropolis yakadzorerwa; Chechi yeOrthodox yakawanazve zvinhu zvakawanda zvayo. Metropolitan yeKiev uye mabhishopu matanhatu akasarudzwa, uyo akatungamirira zvigaro pasi.

Kubatanidzwa kweCossacks mumushandirapiti wokurwisa Moscow

Muna 1618 maPoles akarwisana nemusoro weMoscow. Vachiziva kuti vanonyatsoda rubatsiro rwemauto kubva kuZaporozhye, hutungamiri hwenyika hwakashanduka kuSagaidachnoy. Iye, achiona kuoma kwechigaro chehurumende yePoland, anonyanya kuda zvakasimba zvematongerwe enyika (tichabva tazviona pasi apa) izvo zvakagamuchirwa. Kungoti mushure mokubvumirana pamusoro pekugona kuzadzikisa zvinodiwa izvo mapurisa eCossack akabuda. Akafambisa Cossacks kupinda munharaunda yomukati yeMuscovy nokukurumidza. Pakati pemushandirapamwe, maguta makumi maviri eRussia akabatwa, vamwe vavo Cossacks vakapisa. Hondo yeZaporozhye pano zvakare yakashandisa mano, ichigara ichichinja matanho ekuyambuka mhiri kweRwizi rweOka uye isingasvibisi iyo dzimba, kubatwa kwacho kunogona kukonzera matambudziko. Petro Sagaidachny (nhoroondo ye hetman inofadza zvikuru) yakasarudza kungosvika kumaguta akadai saKolomna naZaraysk. Pamberi pekuputika kweMoscow, shoko rakagamuchirwa kuti chibvumirano chorugare chakanga chapera pakati pePoles neVaMuscovites.

Zvematongerwo enyika kubudirira kweSagaidach

Sezvo ari dhigirii, murume uyu akawanawo zvakawanda kuUkraine. I Commonwealth yakamanikidzwa kuita chibvumirano uye ichizadzisa zvido zvechikamu cheUkraine. Muna 1618, musasa weMoscow, mukuru weCossacks akaisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro:

• Kugadziriswa kwekutarisa kwePoland yeCossacks;
• Kubvumirana kwekodzero yehetman pamusoro penharaunda yose yeUkraine;
• Kuwedzera mune kodzero dzeCossacks;
• Kuzvimiririra kwehutongi kubva kuPoles;
• Rusununguko rwechitendero chevanhu.

Chokupedzisira chaidiwa chakanga chiri chinangwa chekusimbisa nzvimbo yeOrthodoxy munyika dzeUkraine, nokuti vapristi ve Unie vakaita shanduro dzinoshingaira.

Upenyu hupfupi hwemutungamiriri

Hondo pakati pePoland neTurkey yakatanga pakarepo mushure mekupera kwemakakatano ehondo neMuscovy. Poles yakanga isingakwanisi kuita pasina Cossacks - iyo yakasimba zvikuru yeuto muumambo. Kuparadza kwekuguma kwehupenyu hwehupenyu, hondo yakaitika pedyo neKotin (zvino yavaKhmelnytsky mhiri kweUkraine), iyo yaakakuvadzwa kwazvo.

Nhoroondo yezvemukuru wemutungamiriri uyu haizombove yakakwana pasina ruzivo pamusoro pemhuri yake. Akange akaroora, asi kazhinji, hupenyu hwemhuri hwakanga husingaiti. Pamwe, vanhu vakadaro havana kuberekerwa kumhuri, asi kunyika, nokuda kweamai. Mushure mezvose, hetman haana kupa nhaka yake kwete kumudzimai wake, asi akaiswa kune zvinodikanwa nechechi, mahedheni uye Kyiv Brotherhood.

Musi waApril 22, 1622, Hetman mukuru weZaporozhye Army akafa nemaronda akagamuchira Khotin.

Zvechokwadi, nhoroondo haidzive mafungiro evanhu, asi, kuongorora nguva yezviitiko zve1618-1621, zvinogona kutora nemashoko mazhinji echokwadi kuti munguva yehupenyu hweSagaidachny, kunze kwechirwere ichocho chisina kunaka, Ukraine inogona kuwana rusununguko kana kuti yakakura zvakakwana kuzvidzivirira. Zvichida kuti Peter Sagaidachny angadai akazadzisa izvi, pfupi pfupi yehupenyu iyo isingagoni kuratidza kuzadza nekukosha kwehupenyu hwake munyika.