Nyaya Hondo 1812: zvinokonzera, zvikuru zviitiko, zvabuda

The War of 1812 yaiva chimwe chezvinhu vakakurumbira munhau. Ndiwo isingawanzowanikwi nyaya kana chinokosha chikamu Russian nharaunda yaiva pasi basa. The hondo Napoleon vakava chinokosha reEurope kurwisana mukutanga XIX remakore.

prerequisites hondo

On June 12, imwe hondo Napoleon huru huvandudzike muganhu rwizi Neman uye guta Kovno. Zvisinei, nyaya Hondo 1812 hazvigoni kutanga asina muchirumbidza kwakavakirwa kwedanidziro iyi. Chii chakaita mazana ezviuru varwi vemunyika dzakasiyana European kuoneka muRussia?

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore muFrance maiva chimurenga, umo akapidigura umambo. Hurumende yakava zvokuvhoterwa, zvishoma nezvishoma kuti simba iri Paris akauya unyanzvi uye akakurumbira nemauto mutungamiri Napoleon Bonaparte. nyika Most European akagara pasi Mhedziso umambo. Vatongi kuchinja (kusanganisira Russian Empress Catherine II) vakanga angasafadzwa echimurenga zviitiko mumoyo kondinendi.

Naizvozvo, poumambo kwemakore vakaumba mubatanidzwa pamusoro France. mishandirapamwe zvose izvi vakakundikana. Napoleon aiva mumwe veuto vakanga akarwira nyika yavo nechisimba. Sezvo akauya simba, uye muna 1804 akava uyewo mambo. Zvakatanga neizvi muitiro. Zvino French mauto akakunda nyika pedyo vari kana kubatikana kana akagamuchira vakavimbika kuti hurumende muParis. Haisi hondo yakadaro muna 1812. Muchidimbu, Napoleon aifanira kukurira zvakasiyana chaizvo zvehondo, umo akagurwa kubva zviwanikwa uye itsva mauto zviuru zvemakiromita kubva munyika yokumusha kwavo.

Unyanzvi Alexander I

Zvichakadai, Russian choushe maigara Alexander I. dzinotungamirirwa coalitions wandei pamusoro Napoleon. Pashure pokukundwa pana Austerlitz muna 1805 uye dzimwe nokukundikana anoverengeka Russian pamambo aifanira kugumisa chibvumirano pamusoro Pakuurayiwa ishamwari French. Rugare Tilsit muna 1807 panguva akagadzirisa gakava pakati vavengi. Zvisinei, Napoleon aishuva Kudzora chokupedzisira Old World. Saka akasarudza kwete kurova Alexander, uye dzikambouya nyika yake. Saka vakatanga kugadzirira nechisimba Russia.

Apo Napoleon akayambuka Niemen, pasi pomureza wake aiva masoja kupfuura zviuru 500. Zvakanga hombe, "tangle" pakati vemarudzi akasiyana European. Panguva ino, zvakanga yakakundwa Austria uye Prussia, uyo akabatana vamwe mauto ayo kuhondo Napoleonic. Pamutemo inotungamirirwa nemauto rinonzi Great Army. Zvinokonzera Hondo 1812 akarara ndechokuti hegemony French mu Europe vaisagona kuva nokusingaperi. Napoleon aifanira kupikisa muvakidzani itsva imwe neimwe. Muna 1812, nyika iyi yaiva Russia.

Kana Russia yakanga pamutemo kwavakarerekera nyika, United Kingdom ari mamiriro yavairwisana France achiri. Napoleon aida kuparadza upfumi yeBritain nokuda inoshandiswa pakutsigira zviri Continental blockade. Russia yave chinokosha dzokutengeserana shamwari UK, saka Napoleon akakurudzira Alexander kuramba zvirango kwayo panguva kusaina kuti Rugare Tilsit. Zvisinei, muSt Petersburg aisada kuenda vanoshorwa matanho aya uye vakaedza zvose zvinogoneka nzira circumvent chibvumirano. Ndivo zvinokonzera Hondo 1812. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi kutanga guta rapindwa nechisimba pakati penyika mbiri dziri kuzvipokanidza vakawandisa. With hapana panotaurwa nyaya yavo zvaisazova zvakakwana 1812 hondo.

Napoleon kuti nzira

Kusarudza pokutungamirira kwake chikuru ichivhuvhuta, Napoleon vakambomira Moscow. Russia yakanga chikuru pakarepo kugara yose nenyika yaro. Kuwedzera kuMoscow, inokurukurwawo zvokusarudza pamwe kurwiswa Kiev uye St. Petersburg, asi vakanga varamba. MuRussia, nemhaka njere aiziva Kusaona kwomudzimu Napoleon. Naizvozvo, hurumende akanga achimhanyira Mikhail Kutuzov nokukurumidza kugumisa hondo pamwe Turkey, kuti agadzirire chitsva pamushandirapamwe. Rugare sungano hweTurkey akanga asaina mwedzi pamberi Napoleon kuti nechisimba. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, Russia akagamuchira Moldova.

Pazvinotanga of Army Great

Mumwedzi hondo yokutanga, Napoleon akatamira pachena kupinda Russia. Iye akaramba Mauto duku dzakawanda. Sezvo mumwe nomumwe wavo inogona nyore kuputswa, Alexander akakurudzira vehondo kuti tibatane, kupa muvengi hondo yairwirwa. The vakatozodzokera musangano waiva Smolensk. Nyaya Hondo 1812 inoratidza muenzaniso sei zvakasiyana mauto Russian vave zvinobudirira aibatanidza mberi kurwisana nemuvengi wakakwana. August 6, akatanga kurwa kuti Smolensk, asi zuva rakatevera, Barclay of Tolly akasarudza shure kuMoscow.

Mauto maviri akatamira kumabvazuva kusvikira pakupedzisira iye airwisana pamusoro pamunda Borodino. Muhondo yaAugust 26 kumativi ose vakaurayiwa uwandu varwi vanenge zviuru 80. Kana bato haana kubudirira mubvunzo. Pashure muhondo dzimbahwe yeRussia vakasarudza kusiya Moscow. Napoleon vakapinda chinhu guta. Akagara ikoko pamusoro mwedzi. Panguva ino tava kakawanda kacho kwezvinhu zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Nyaya Hondo 1812 kuita pasina kudoma yakaderera morale pakati French masoja, vakanga kushanda vakavharirwa muguta yavamwe nokupambarwa. Napoleon akasiyiwa asina kupfuma. Uyezve, okuchembera chando, kuti izvo French vakanga pachena kwete vakagadzirira. Kutora Moscow haana kupiwa Napoleon hapana zvine urongwa kubatsira. Akasarudza kudzokera kumaodzanyemba chando muna inodziya flats.

The shure rechiFrench

Zvisinei, urongwa hwake vakakundikana. October rechi12 French vakakundwa pana Maloyaroslavets, pashure kwakasarudzwa kuti shure kumavirira. Panguva iyi, Russian hondo 1812 ari kuita konzati pamwe guerrillas, vakanga vachimunetsa chiFrench. Napoleon aifanira shure kusvika mumatunhu, yaakanga yakashatiswa mwedzi mishoma vasati. nzara muhondo yake.

November 3, pedyo nomusha Red French vakundwa hondo Kutuzov uye Miloradovich. Pashure paizvozvo, akatanga vakawanda Exodus. Zvanzi panoperera Hondo 1812. Muchidimbu, Napoleon miscalculated simba ravo. Uyezve, akapedza nguva inokosha pavaiva inogarwa Moscow. December 14 okupedzisira nevarwi Grand Army akasiya Russia.

Kukosha hondo

Zvabuda Hondo 1812 iri yokuti Napoleon kaedza kubata Russia. Aifanira kuenda kumusha chinhu. Izvi zvakapa mutsva mubatanidzwa Anti-French, izvo kwegore kwakaita Bonaparte akakunda pa Leipzig. Nokukurumidza simba rake yakadhirika, uye akatumirwa kuutapwa.