KuBaltic Kurwisa 1944 - the inokosha tsamwisa mauto eSoviet. Ferdinand wezvakashata. Ivan Bagramyan

KuBaltic Kurwisa - hondo rechiuto, vakatora nzvimbo mumatsutso 1944 mu kuBaltic States. Mugumisiro hwokushanda, iyo inonziwo Eighth ichivhuvhuta Stalin, aiva kusunungurwa Lithuania, Latvia uye Estonia kubva mauto eGermany. Nhasi tichatarisa munhoroondo kuvhiyiwa uku, vanhu vayo zvinobatanidzwa, zvinokonzera nemigumisiro.

General unhu

In nemashoko emauto uye enyika vatungamiriri Third Reich kuBaltic States airidza basa rinokosha. Nokudzora nawo, vokuGermany vanokwanisa kudzora chikuru weGungwa reBaltic uye kuramba vachikurukurirana pamwe Air nyika. Mukuwedzera, kuBaltic nharaunda rave rakakura wedzerai chawo muGermany. Estonian mabhizimisi gore negore kupa Third Reich vanenge 500 zviuru matani zvigadzirwa mafuta. Uyezve, Germany akagashira kubva reBaltic hombe yakawanda yezvokudya uye okurima mbishi zvekushandisa. Uyewo, usaora kukanganwa kuti vanhu vokuGermany vakanga vachironga kutama runodiwa pakati kuBaltic States uye vaizadze nevamwe vagari. Saka, kufirwa nharaunda iyi nokuti Third Reich akava chakakomba nokurova.

KuBaltic Kurwisa September 14 vakatanga, 1944 uye kusvikira 22 November wegore iroro. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kukundwa revarwi yeNazi uye kusunungurwa Lithuania, Latvia uye Estonia. Kuwedzera vokuGermany, Dzvuku Army vaishora vemo pevatsigiri. Chavainyanya vhoriyamu (87000) dziri wokuLatvia neRegiyoni. Chokwadi, kupa zvakakwana kurwisa kuti mauto Soviet, vakasagona. Chimwe 28 zviuru vanhu vaiva chikamu wokuLatvia battalions schutzmannschaft.

Hondo kwaibatanidza zvina zvikuru mashandiro: Riga, Tallinn, uye Memel Moonsund. In zvachose, yakanga yanonoka kwemazuva 71. upamhi pamberi anenge 1000? km uye kudzika - vanenge 400? km. Somugumisiro boka wehondo hondo "North" vakakundwa, uye vatatu kuBaltic States vakasunungurwa zvachose kubva nechisimba.

prehistory

The pamwero mukuru tsamwisa pamusoro munharaunda kuBaltic, Dzvuku Army paaigadzirira mumwe panguva Fifth Stalin muuraye - Belarusian kushandiswa. Muzhizha ra1944 mauto eSoviet vakakwanisa kuzosunungura mundima kiyi kuBaltic munzvimbo uye kugadzirira pacharo fandesheni chikuru inogumbura. By zhizha mushakabvu, vakadonha chikuru chitsama kuzvidzivirira akarongwa nevaNazi kuBaltic States. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo Soviet Union mauto mazhinji 200 km. Operations kunze muzhizha, necheni zvinokosha mauto vokuGermany, izvo zvakaita kuti tikwanise kukunda chiBelorussia Front pakupedzisira boka wehondo "Center" uye kupaza kuna Kumabvazuva kwePoland. Kusiya Nzira kuna Riga, mauto eSoviet akanga ose ezvinhu kuti vabudirire kusunungurwa kuBaltic States.

hurongwa kurwiswa

The Supreme Command nomurayiro mauto eSoviet (matatu Baltic kumberi Leningrad mberi uye kuBaltic Fleet) akanga tasked kugovera nokuputsa hondo boka "North", saka hwokusunungura nzvimbo kuBaltic. Baltic fronts vakarwisa vokuGermany kuna Riga uye Leningrad mberi vakaenda Tallinn. The Kurwisa kukosha kwaiva akarova panguva Riga mirayiridzo, sezvo kwaizounza kusunungurwa Riga - guru maindasitiri uye enyika pakati, hondo zvomumvura uye yenyika kukurukurirana pamusoro kuBaltic States.

Uyezve Leningrad mberi uye kuBaltic Fleet akarayira kuparadzwa kushanda boka "Narva". Zvaakanga akunda Tartu, Leningrad Front mauto vaifanira kuenda Tallinn uye rakavhurika kuwana kumabvazuva kweGungwa reBaltic. KuBaltic Front akarayirwa kutsigira nepagungwa parutivi of Leningrad vehondo, uyewo kudzivirira nokusvika vavabatsire vokuGermany vavo kubvisa.

Mauto kuBaltic Front vaifanira kutanga kufambira mberi kwavo musi 5-7 September, uye Leningrad - 15 September. Zvisinei, nokuda nematambudziko mukugadzirira inokosha tsamwisa oparesheni, ayo mavambo yaifanira kumbosiyiwa kwevhiki. Panguva ino, mauto eSoviet kuitwa ushori basa, akadzinga zvombo uye zvokudya, uye mainjiniya akapedza kuvaka vakaronga migwagwa.

Mauto vemapato

In yose, dzinoshandiswa mauto eSoviet, pokuita reBaltic kushanda varume vanenge mamiriyoni 1,5, anopfuura mamiriyoni 3 vamapoka warrior motokari, vanenge 17 zviuru pfuti uye mumaturi, uye vanopfuura mamiriyoni 2,5 ndege. Hondo yakanga wakapindwa nemauto 12, kuti ndiye akafanana kutopedza pamusoro fronts mana Red Army. Uyezve, kurwisa chakatsigirwa Baltic midziyo.

Kana mauto eGermany kubudikidza pakutanga September 1944 rimwe boka wehondo "North" rinotungamirirwa Ferdinandom Shornerom, raiva 3 tangi makambani uye operative boka "Narva". In zvachose, yakanga 730 zviuru masoja, zviuru warrior motokari 1,2, 7 zviuru pfuti uye mumaturi uye vanenge 400 ndege. Zvinofadza kuona kuti ari boka wehondo "North" aiva mapoka maviri Latvians anomirira zvido vanonzi "wokuLatvia Legion".

kugadzirira vokuGermany

By pakutanga kuBaltic kushandiswa, mauto eGermany vakanga yakatsvairwa kubva kurutivi rwezasi uye rikazvisundira kugungwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, nemhaka kuBaltic bridgehead, vaNazi aigona konzera pamusoro nemauto eSoviet parutivi kurwisa. Saka pane kuva kusiya kuBaltic nyika, vanhu vokuGermany akasarudza kudzikamisa fronts ikoko, kumisa humwe kuzvidzivirira uye ugodana vavabatsire.

For Riga pokutungamirira vakabvuma boka zvinosanganisira shanu tangi mapoka. Zvaidavirwa kuti Riga nhare nzvimbo iri risingadzivisiki kumauto Soviet. In Narva mirayiridzo kudzivirira akanga huru chaizvo - matatu kuzvidzivirira kanyika kudzika anenge 30 km. Kuvhiringidza nzira reBaltic midziyo, vokuGermany akasiyira muzvizhinji nezvipingamupinyi muGulf uye mined, zvose gwara pamwe mumhenderekedzo yaro.

Muna August, kuBaltic States makarasira ane mapoka shoma uye vakawanda unyanzvi, kubva zvikamu mberi uye Germany "kunyarara". Kudzorera kurwa kugona wehondo boka "North" vokuGermany aifanira kupedza guru mari mari. Kurwisa mweya "oboroniteley" reBaltic aiva nani yakakwirira. Mauto akanga vakarangwa chaizvo uye tine chokwadi kuti yakachinja muhondo munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Vakanga vakamirira vavabatsire ari munhu nemasoja vaduku uye vakatenda norunyerekupe pamusoro chishamiso zvombo.

Riga Kurwisa

Riga Kurwisa akatanga musi September 14 uye dzakaguma October 22, 1944. Chinangwa chikuru kuvhiyiwa rakanga kusunungurwa kubva Riga vomumuzinda uye ipapo Latvia. Kubva sezvakarayirwa varwi mamiriyoni 1,3 Soviet vaivapowo pakurwa (119 pfuti kupatsanurana, mumwe michini uye tangi anoshongwa 6, 11 uyewo tangi zvokuchenesa akakombwa 3). Vakanga vaishora nevanhu 16-ndipo uye 18-ndipo uye 3-1 of Army Group "North". Mukuru kubudirira muhondo iyi kusvika 1st kuBaltic Front achitungamirirwa Ivan Bagramyan. Kubva 14 kusvika 27 September, Red Army akaita kurwisa. Kuzadzisa chinhu "Sigulda", iro vokuGermany zvakasimbisa uye vakabatana kuti shure panguva kushanda Tallinn, mauto eSoviet amira. Pashure kunyatsogadzirira October 15, Red Army akatamira munzvimbo akurumidze kufambira mberi. Somugumisiro, October 22 mauto eSoviet akatora Riga uye vazhinji Latvia.

Tallinn Kurwisa

Tallinn Kurwisa kwakaitika kubvira 17 kusvika 26 September 1944. Chinangwa kwedanidziro iyi kwaiva kusunungurwa Estonia uye, zvikurukuru, ayo guru - guta Tallinn. Pakazosvika mangwanani hondo Second uye Eighth Army aiva pachinhu muboka German "Narva" chinokosha kusanganiswa ukuru. Maererano nechirongwa yepakutanga, hondo 2nd Shock Army vaifanira kurwisa boka "Narva" neshure, uye zvino kunoteverwa storming pakati Tallinn. 8th Army aifanira kurwisa kana mauto eGermany vachaenda dzokera shure.

September 17 2nd Shock Army akaenda kuita ayo basa. Iye akakwanisa kumedura kupinda muvengi dzokuzvidzivirira 18-makiromita-gwanza pedyo Emajõgi River. Achiziva kukosha mauto eSoviet, "Narva" akasarudza shure. Chairo rakatevera zuva Tallinn akataura rusununguko. The simba vakawira mumaoko pachivande Estonian hurumende rinotungamirirwa Otto Tief. Nechepakati guta neshongwe nayo akamutswa mireza maviri - the Estonian uye German. A Mazuva mashoma souped hurumende akatoedza kurwisa mberi Soviet uye kuenda mauto eGermany.

September 19 kurwisa akatanga 8th Army. Zuva rakatevera, kubva vaNazi zvakanga vasunungurwa taundi Rakvere, apo nevarwi rechi8 Army akatobatana pamwe nevarwi 2nd Army. September 21 Red Army akasunungura Tallinn, uye mumazuva mashanu - ose kuEstonia (kunze zvimwe zvitsuwa).

Panguva nokushanda Tallinn kuBaltic Fleet parachuted pamusoro Estonian egungwa uye pedyo zvitsuwa zvinoverengeka vezvikwata ayo. Nemhaka vagari masimba hondo Third Reich akatambura kukundwa mu yakaoma Estonia mumazuva chete 10. Muchiitiko chino, masoja anopfuura 30.000 German vakaedza, asi vakanga vasingakwanisi kupaza kuna Riga. Vamwe vakasungwa uye vamwe kuparadzwa. Panguva nokushanda Tallinn, maererano nemashoko Soviet, masoja eGermany vanenge zviuru 30 vakaurayiwa uye vanenge 15 zviuru - rakanga rakundwa. Uyezve, vanhu vokuGermany akarasikirwa 175 zvidimbu michina mikuru.

Moonsund oparesheni

September 27, 1994 mauto eSoviet yakatanga kuvhiyiwa Moonsund, ane basa raiva kubata Moondzunskogo rezvitsuwa yaro kusunungurwa nechisimba. The oparesheni kusvikira 24 November wegore iroro. The wainyatsotaura nzvimbo nokuda vokuGermany akadzivirira yechi23 Infantry Division, uye rechiuto 4 kudzivirira. Kubva Soviet Union pamushandirapamwe vaivapowo chikamu Leningrad uye reBaltic Fronts. The chikuru Chikamu zvitsuwa rezvitsuwa vakasunungurwa nokukurumidza. Nokuti kuti Red Army akasarudza kumwe donhwe-kure pfungwa nokuda kurwisa kwavo, kuti muvengi haana nguva kugadzirira kuzvidzivirira. Pakarepo mushure kusunungurwa chitsuwa mauto yakawira panorumwe, mberi kuvhiringika vanhu nevarwi Third Reich. The chete nzvimbo vokuGermany vakakwanisa kumisa kufambira mberi mauto eSoviet, aiva Sõrve Peninsula vepachitsuwa Saaremaa, pazuva nekamukwavarara iyo vokuGermany vakakwanisa kuomerera kwevhiki nhanhatu, dzokubatanidza pasi Soviet kwepfuti Corps.

Hondo Memel

oparesheni Izvi rwaiitwa 1st reBaltic uye chikamu 3rd chiBelorussia Front kubva 5 kusvika 22 October 1944. Chinangwa mushandirapamwe kwaiva kudimbura Army Group "North" kubva Eastern Prussia. Apo wokutanga kuBaltic Front akatungamirira yakanakisisa mutungamiri Ivana Bagramyana Riga vakasiiwa pedyo, yava nematambudziko chakakomba muvengi nemishonga. Somugumisiro, kwakasarudzwa kuti uchatamisa nemishonga pana Memel mirayiridzo. Pedyo netaundi Siauliai kuBaltic Front mauto regrouped. Under zano mutsva murayiro Soviet, Red Army mauto akanga kuputsa kudzivirira kumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu Siauliai uye Palanga kusvika mutsetse-Memel River Naman. Huru akarova dzakawira pokutungamirira Memel, uye pazasi - pana Kelme-Tilzit.

Mutongo chikwata eSoviet akava kushamisa kwakakwana nokuda Third Reich, iyo iri kutarisirwa atangezve kurwisa pazuva Riga mirayiridzo. Pazuva rokurwa rokutanga mauto eSoviet dzakapasanura napakati kudzivirira uye kwakawedzera munzvimbo dzakasiyana kure 7 kusvika 17 makiromita. By October 6 muhondo akauya zvose mauto yakanga yagadzirwa pachine, uye musi waOctober 10, mauto eSoviet akagura vokuGermany kubva East Prussia. Somugumisiro, pakati Third Reich mauto vachishandisa Courland uye East Prussia, iye akaumba mugero hondo Soviet, iyo rinosvika wakafara makubhiti 50 makiromita. Kukunda Pfekenura ichi muvengi Chokwadi, vakasagona.

By October 22 Soviet Army vasunungurwa vokuGermany rinenge rose kumusoro pamahombekombe erwizi Neman. In Latvia, muvengi akasunda pamusoro Courland Peninsula uye vakachengetwa rakanyatsozarirwa. Memel migumisiro remapazi of Red Army vakaswedera kuna 150 km haana akasunungura vanopfuura 26 000 km ² uye vanopfuura 30 yawo.

zvimwe zviitiko

Pokukundwa Army Group "North", ndokunanga Ferdinandom Shornerom, aiva tsvarakadenga rinorema, kunyange kunosanganisira akasiya 33 nemapoka. In Courland mugate Third Reich chakarasikirwa masoja hafu yemiriyoni uye navatariri, uyewo guru yakawanda midziyo uye nezvombo. boka German Courland makavhara uye wakarovererwa gungwa, pakati Liepaja uye Tukums. Rakarongerwa, sezvo kumedura muEast Prussia akanga asina simba kana kugona. Kutarisira rubatsiro akanga asiko. The tsamwisa Soviet muCentral Europe kwave nokukurumidza chaizvo. Kusiya chikamu midziyo uye zvokushandisa, muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano Courland akatozotamiswa nomugungwa, asi vokuGermany vairamba chisarudzo chakadaro.

The murayiro Soviet haina kuisa pachake basa chero zvodini kuparadza kuzvidzivirira boka German, izvo kare vasingagoni kukanganisa wokupedzisira pavaipfuura kurwisana hondo. Third kuBaltic Front emauto akadzingwa mabasa, uye vokutanga uye wechipiri akatumwa Kurland kupedza chokugutsikana. Nokuda kutanga yechando uye nenzvimbo zvaidiwa Courland Peninsula (Kupararira anezvimiti uye nemasango) kuparadzwa pechiFascist mapoka, izvo zvaisanganisira uye Omani pevatsigiri, yakanonoka refu. It kuoma zvinhu chokuti huru ehondo reBaltic fronts (kusanganisira General Bagramyan mauto) zvaiendeswa huru mitsetse. Multiple madutu Peninsula zvakaoma pasina. VaNazi vaiva rufu, uye zviyero Soviet dzakaona yakaoma kushaya simba. Pakupedzisira, hondo yakapera muna Courland mugate chete May 15, 1945.

zvabuda

Somugumisiro anoita kuBaltic, Latvia, Lithuania uye muEstonia vakasunungurwa kubva nechisimba eNazi. All yakakunda mundima rakavambwa nesimba Soviet Union. The Wehrmacht arasa zvekuvaka nechigadziko uye inokosha chawo, riri pamusoro makore matatu. In kuBaltic rengarava mukana tiite mabasa pamusoro German kukurukurirana, uyewo kufukidza pasi mauto kubva Riga uye Gulf Finland. Zvaakanga akahwina muna reBaltic mabasa 1944 muGungwa reBaltic, Soviet Army akakwanisa kurwisa kubva pachiuno mauto ari Third Reich, ndokugara East Prussia.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti neGermany akaita zvakakomba kukuvara kuBaltic. Kwemakore matatu kutonga kwaiva vaNazi wavatsakatisa vanhuwo zvavo vanenge mamiriyoni 1,4 uye vasungwa vehondo. Zvakaipisisa dzaparadzwa upfumi nharaunda, nemisha. To chose kudzorera kuBaltic aifanira kuita basa guru.