Nuclear chitima. Nuclear rwisana njanji chombo hurongwa (BZHDRK, mweya chitima). RT-23 MOLODETS

Pakati siyana nzira dzinokosha launchers hurongwa Anotarisana zvombo vaikudzwa nyika zvenyika, uto njanji chombo hurongwa (rakapfupikiswa BZHRK) nhasi ari kusangana kuberekwazve. Izvi akwanise nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka, asi usati avabate, tarisa chii kukura uku ano kudzivirira indasitiri. Tiri munzira, tichaedza uzive chii chakaitika kune zvenyukireya nezvitima adarika.

Chii BZHRK?

Chokutanga, hazvina chitima, mune motokari iyo vanoiswa kwete mubhazi, kumhanyira pazororo kana basa rwendo, uye mitoro vaitarisira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana munyika, uye zvinouraya zvombo, nokuti zvikuru kubudirira kurwisa dzavo vakapakata zvenyukireya warheads. nhamba yavo dzinosiyana maererano kukura zvakaoma.

Zvisinei, pane vanhu - waishandiswa rutsigiro vashandi Battle njanji chombo hurongwa, uyewo chikwata tasked wayo kudzivirira. Part motokari zvakagadzirirwa zvakumbirwa zvose zvinobvira rwokugadzirwa nezvimwe enyika kuti abudirire kanda uye kurova huru pose munyika.

Somunhu chitima makazara rinouraya zvinhu, akafanana kuti warship, iye rinowanzoshandiswa kupiwa kushandiswa ipapo sezvo zita chairo zita. Somuenzaniso, 15P961 "zvaitwa." Kana chikamu zita rokutanga haisi chaizvo nyore mune emashoko, uye kurangarira pakarepo, saka wechipiri kunonakidza zvikuru uye zvaizivikanwa nzeve. Kwaari kunyange kuda kuwedzera shoko "rakanaka", asi pachinhu kunzwisisa anokwanisa kuparadza panyaya maminitsi paavhareji European mamiriro, chipauro ichi haisi zvinogamuchirika.

Dhazeni "Wagona" kurindira Motherland

kumhanya kwakadaro "vane mitsipa yokumusoro muromo" munguva kubvira 1987 kusvika 1994 munyika yedu yakanga gumi. Vose vakanga pabasa iri Strategic Chombo Forces, uye vari mukuru okuremekedza, aiva mumwe zvakawanda, rinowanikwa chete zvekushandisa mapepa, - RT 23 UTTKh. Mumakore akatevera, mumwe nomumwe vakanga vatora basa, namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara, saka kuti panozosvika gore ra2007 kubva varindi dzavo mbiri dzakanga vaviri chete, mukavaisa Museum wokuRussia Armed Forces.

Panzira, kuti RT 23 UTTKh akatanga muSoviet Union chete kunzwisisa, izvo chakatangwa muna batch mangé kugadzirwa. Development yakafanana gadziriro vakanga vachirwira emakore, asi chete eighties dzaiunzwa pachikuva, vanobvumirwa kuvatora mundege. chiratidzo "chitima nhamba razero" rakapiwa nokuda pakavanda nokuda nezvitima izvi mhando.

American chiitiko chete mumunda

Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva Yemashoko War,, vagadziri vatorwa kunyanya American vakamboshanda pamusoro pakusikwa zvitima rufu zvenyukireya kumotokari dzavo. Somugumisiro kubudirira Soviet uchenjeri basa, uyewo chifukidziro chinodyiwa pakavanda dzakapoteredza zvose nechokuita mupomerwi maindasitiri, mumakore iwayo, muverengi yakanga zvikuru kuziva panyaya kukura kwavo kukunda nebudiriro omunzvimbo gunsmiths.

Chii Zvinonzi mishumo yavo vakashinga yedu "Stirlitz"? Pamusana kwavari, zvinozivikanwa kuti pakutanga pakati sixties akazviratidza wokutanga zvakasimba-mafuta intercontinental muna US ballistic chombo, vaimudana "Minuteman". kumhanya pamusoro mvura mafuta, zvichienzaniswa dzavo vamutangira, rwave wandei zvinokosha zvakanakira. Chokutanga, pakanga pasina chikonzero kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo-kutanga kuchaja, mukuwedzera, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera kurwisa kwayo kuvhundutsa uye vibration, tinosungirwa simuka munguva chokufambisa.

Zvinonzi akabvumira kuti kurwa chombo anotangazve zvakananga kubva zvinofamba chitima platforms ndoita anongoda invulnerable mune chiitiko hondo. Asi chinetso chaive chokuti tinogona kutanga chitundumuseremusere chete zvachose kunorondedzerwa, mumwe zvikuru akagadzira pasi, sezvo avo kutungamirirwa hurongwa akanga akasunganidzwa kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo ngaaverenge Coordinates.

America iri chiedza "Big Star"

A chinokosha budiriro akaita kuti zvibvire kuti asike chitima iri US zvenyukireya zvombo yazova pamwero mukuru kutengeserana rinoitwa muna 1961 uye akabata pasi zita "Big Star" chakavanzika. Sechikamu ichi chiitiko chitima, ndiye kumumvuri ramangwana chombo hurongwa vayambuka pomumbure kushanda munyika njanji.

Chinangwa yechiitwa kwaiva kuedza kufamba kwavo uye mukana vaifanira yokupararira United States. Pashure pokuvhiyiwa, migumisiro aro kunyorwa, uye pazuva maererano chakagadzirirwa chitima renyukireya zvombo riri zvitundumuseremusere shanu "Minuteman".

Kurambirwa kumbova chirongwa

Zvisinei, kukura uku haana kuwana mundege. Pakutanga zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti muna 1962 nyika kudzivirira indasitiri makumi matatu nezvitima izvi vachasunungurwa, aine dzinokwana zvitundumuseremusere zana namakumi mashanu. Asi pakupedzisira zvakagadzirwa mabasa chirongwa mari yechimiro chedungamunhu kunyanyisa, uye somugumisiro yakasiyiwa.

Panguva iyoyo, zvangu launchers zvikukutu "Minuteman" yakawanikwa hubudirire, uye kuti vaida. zvazvisingarambiki mukana wavo ndiye yakaderera mutengo uye zvakarurama yakavimbika kudzivirirwa kubva Soviet intercontinental ballistic zvombo kuti asina panguva iyoyo inodiwa kwavo kuparadzwa rakarurama kumurova.

Somugumisiro chacho, pamusoro izvo mainjiniya American vaishanda kusvikira 1961, yakavharwa, uye akatotanga pachishandiswa nezvitima ayo akashandiswa kutakura chete "Minuteman" kubvira vaburitsi mafekitari kune nezvigadziko zvinomera, apo ivo vakaita nekutumirwa kwemauto wangu.

Recent zviitiko ravakwa US

New riwedzere kuti zvisikwa America pamusoro nezvitima vanokwanisa kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya, aiva chidzoke muna 1986 inorema intercontinental ballistic chombo chizvarwa chitsva LGM-118A, uyewo aizivikanwa nezita MX rayo pfupi.

Panguva iyi yakawedzera yekudyidzana kunokanganisa mano zvombo Soviet zvakagadzirirwa kuparadza muvengi chombo launchers. Panyaya iyi, vainyatsotarisirwa rwakabhadharwa kuna ngozi MX placement.

Pashure zvikuru gakava pakati vatsigiri tsika paShiro-nekutumirwa kwemauto avo vavengi ane nekuyanana vakazobvumirana izvo zvakazoita makumi mashanu zvitundumuseremusere vakaiswa rangu, uye zvakafanana pachikuva itsva, zvikuru kugadzirira ichi chinangwa murwiyo.

Zvisinei, kukura uku haana ramangwana. Mukutanga nineties nokuda democratic kuchinja vakatora nzvimbo munyika yedu, Hondo Yemashoko yakaguma, uye chirongwa kumisa njanji zvenyukireya zvivako, dzarasika kushanda kwayo, yave wavharwa. Pari, zviitiko zvakadaro havana inopiwa uye, pachena, haana aronga kwemakore anouya.

New Kugadzirwa CB "Southern"

Asi ngationei vadzoke Motherland. Zvino haisi mashoko mauto chakavanzika kuti yenyukireya chitima of USSR vakatanga hwaizogadzwa maererano sezvakarayirwa Bazi Defence, yakasainwa muna January 1969. Kukura iyi yakasiyana basa rakapiwa nepurani kuhofisi "South", iro zvino aishanda kunoshamisa masayendisiti maviri Soviet - academicians, hama Alexei Fedorovich uye Vladimir Fodorovich Utkiny. Vakatungamirira rimwe basa idzva.

Maererano mukuru urongwa, ivo kusika 15P961 "zvaitwa BZHRK" (Battle njanji chombo hurongwa) akaitirwa chokutsiva anokumhan'arira, sezvo kufamba kwake uye kunowedzera survivability akabvumira kuti tariro kuti aizokwanisa kurarama mune chiitiko kurwisa pakarepo yenyukireya muvengi. The chete nzvimbo akaita zvakakodzera kuti midziyo yayo chombo yaiva Pavlograd Mechanical Plant. Izvi zvinokosha inokosha nzvimbo akavanda kwemakore iwayo pasi achinyepera mumwe faceless PO "Pivdenmash".

Zvipingamupinyi kukura

In netsamba dzake, V. F. Utkin akanyora kuti basa ravakapiwa navo akatakura dambudziko hombe. Ivo kwaisanganisira kunyanya ndechokuti zvakaoma aifanira kutama kwakajairika njanji pamakwara, pamwe nemamwe zvitima, uye chokwadi kurema kunyange chombo rimwe rayo launcher yakanga matani zana nemakumi mashanu.

The creators kuvaka yakanga vakawanda matambudziko insoluble pakutanga kuaona. Somuenzaniso, sei kuisa chombo njanji ngoro, uye sei panguva yakakodzera kuti ape munhu wehunyambiri chinzvimbo? Sei nechokwadi yakachengeteka munguva zvekufambisa, kana totaura mutariri yenyukireya? Ko budirira zvikuru mutoro akasikwa panguva ndima murwiyo, mureza njanji, njanji embankments uye mabhiriji? Pakupedzisira, mira ipapo panguva kutanga muchitima zvitundumuseremusere? Mibvunzo iyi yose uye mamwe vagadziri vakawanda vaifanira kuwana misoro uye inonzwisisika mhinduro.

Ghost chitima, uye vaya vanokwanisa vavo

Nechekare gore rakatevera zvombo zvenyukireya chitima yakagadzirwa zvitundumuseremusere 15ZH61, akaedzwa muzvinhu siyana okunze kumatunhu nyika - kubva mumarenje of Central Asia kuti polar latitudes. Gumi nguva akaenda kuchiteshi akarongwa nyika, vavesa vanosvika hafu yemiriyoni makiromita uye achiita panguva cosmodrome "Plesetsk" rwisana anotangazve zvombo zvayo.

Mushure wokutanga nziyo akaratidza girafu sangano pasi razero nhamba, uye akazviratidza pemapatya. Sezvaunobva kuburikidza nerimwe bvunzo idzangaradzimu chitima akamira pabasa rimwe munyika chombo regiments. Anoshumira vashandi vayo yaiva varwi makumi manomwe.

Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasingabvumirwi. Kunyange anoisa machinists uye vabatsiri vavo vakatora zviratidzo uye vatariri vari zvikuru kudzidziswa kuitisa chitima. Nuclear zvombo chete kuchengeta pasi takarinda pokudzora nyanzvi. By pakutanga 1991 muna USSR nhatu pane chombo mapoka vakabata zvombo vaiva njanji.

Vaiva chibhakera ane simba renyukireya, vanokwanisa, kana zvakakodzera, kupwanya chero muvengi. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti mumwe weboka kwakadaro akanga gumi zvitima zvenyukireya zvinokandwa. Mumakore iwayo, Bazi Kutsigira USSR ibasa guru raitwa. Pasina nharaunda chiuru makiromita kubva nzvimbo regimental vomureza njanji vakanga yakatsiviwa kwakanyanya kukurira rimwe chitundumuseremusere chitima inotakura zvinhu zvenyukireya izvo dzinoda zvokungwarira.

Temporary kuturika purogiramu BZHRK

Rinokosha kuchinja BZHRK patrol yenzira dzakaitwa pashure pomusangano M. S. Gorbachova uye Margaret Thatcher, yakaitirwa 1991. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, maererano chibvumirano yakasvika, hapana mweya chitima haana Zvisinei kusiya nzvimbo dzavo nekutumirwa kwemauto zvachose, vasara, vari panhengo somunhu mira yetsiva chimwe. Somugumisiro, vakawanda zvibvumirano akasaina mumakore anouya, Russia aifanira kurega zvose zvombo kwakavakirwa njanji zvitima, nokudaro achisiya kwakadai zvine urongwa zvombo.

"Barguzin" (BZHRK)

Zvisinei, kune wakakwana kukundikana zvombo Russian, akatasva zvitima, zvinenge kumedza kutsenga kuchada. Pakapera 2013 vezvenhau akashuma kuti papiwa anoverengeka US zvombo zvirongwa munyika yedu vakatangazve basa pakasikwa chombo-vakatakura nezvitima.

Akanyanya paiva kutaura pamusoro kukura itsva, akaita maererano michina yemhando yepamusoro, iro rine zita "Barguzin" (BZHRK). For parameters zvayo zvose uye achida haina kuwa pasi mazita okurambidzwa wakaratidzwa remarudzi chibvumirano zviri START-3 uye naizvozvo ayo kugadzirwa haisi zvaipesana nomutemo dzakawanda.

Maererano nemishumo, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa akatakura warhead yenyukireya uye vakagadzirira multiple reentry warhead, iri akaronga kuisa mumotokari, yakazonyorwa sechiero chitima firiji, une kureba makumi maviri nezvina mamita.

Complex "Barguzin" zvinofanirwa kushongedzera kuti zvombo ari "yars" zvikurukuru yakavakirwa nematarakita anofamba. Dzidzisai dhipuroya mukana hazvisi pachena. Kana ivhu zvivako zviri nyore detectable kubva muchadenga, ichi BZHRK kwava indistinguishable kubva kwakajairika mitoro chitima kunyange kunyatsoongorora. Mukuwedzera, kufamba njanji chombo kwava kanoverengeka isingadhuri pane pasi, yakavakirwa rakasiyana-siyana nematarakita anofamba.

Zvakanakira nekuipira BZHRK

Achipedzisa kukurukurirana pamusoro pengarava chombo mugadziriro, zvakakodzera kugara pamusoro kazhinji akaziva zvakanakira nekuipira kwakadai chombo. Pakati kwayo zvazvisingarambiki zvakwakanakira nyanzvi dzinoti mufambo mukuru motokari, anokwanisa kuchinja nekutumirwa kwemauto, kukurira zuva pamberi pezviuru makiromita, nguva zhinji kupfuura runoenzanirana nemifananidzo nematarakita anofamba. Uyezve, tinofanira kufungawo yakakwirira kutakura pamusoro chitima, panguva imwe chete inokwanisa kutakura mazana matani.

Asi hatigoni kufuratira tinoberekwa vamwe zvainovhiringidzawo. Pakati pavo tinofanira kusimbisa nokuomerwa nezvinhu masking chitima anokonzerwa zvinoitwa configuration kwayo, izvo nyore kuonekwa sezvamunoita vachishandisa ano Satellite ushori. Uyezve, ichienzaniswa silos chitima zvishoma kudzivirirwa kubva zvinokonzerwa Nokufema wave. In zvinoitirwawo pakuputika yenyukireya kuti anogadzirwa pose pedyo, anogona zvakakuvadza kana Akawisira.

Pakupedzisira, chinokosha zvakaipira tikaisa ndiri sezvo mutakuri chombo hurongwa hakudzivisiki Muzviitiko zvakadaro vanopfeka njanji makwara, zvomutadzisa mberi nokushanda zvose BZHRK uye kwakajairika chitima. Zvisinei, michina yemazuva kubvumira kuti abudirire kugadzirisa dzakawanda matambudziko aya, uye nokudaro kuvhura tarisiro pakuzadzisa uye mazuvaano kuti chombo-vakatakura nezvitima.