Novgorod iguta rekare reRussia: nhoroondo, maonero, tsika, zvivakwa, mifananidzo. Ndivanaani vaidzora vekare Novgorod?

Ishe Novgorod Guru - saka noruremekedzo kunzi nechokumusoro guta riri kumabvazuva zvose Slavs yacho. First Novgorod akasarudzwa nzvimbo kugara zvakanaka - mune mashomanana emakore, chiduku kugarwa akava vakabatikana crossroad dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. The chinoshamisa nyaya Novgorod yekare, sezvo guta akaita izvi, uye nei, pakupedzisira, akarasikirwa zvarinoreva? Edza kunzwisisa.

maitikiro azvakaita

The anotungamirirwa kare kudzidza kare dzidzo akadai Novgorod pamusoro? Guta rekare havana kuuya pasina - uye Ladoga pamberi kuti iri nyoro ducts akazviratidza uye akanyangarika zita musha, maguta siyana uye townships. Vezvenhau kufungawo mapurani kupikidura uye kuongorora ngano. All ruzivo inounganidzwa Zvishoma nezvishoma, chinova hwaro kuberekwa munhoroondo hypotheses.

Saka akasimuka, uye Novgorod. Guta rekare rakanga anotaurwa yaMakoronike chaiko kune gore 859. The chidzoke vomumusha wacho chokuita nezita raJehovha Prince Rurik, uyo akauya kubva kuchamhembe munyika kudzora nendima okumabvazuva. Pakutanga Rurik Novgorod kunyange rwakatanga guta. Asi pashure kutora Kiev, akabva Novgorod zvezita muganhu mazambuko - nhare kuti amire murindi pamusoro kuchamhembe kumiganhu yenyika.

Origin of zita

Ancient Novgorod haana kare nguva dzose. The zita musha kunoratidza kuti akasikwa ari kumbova guta. Maererano neimwe pfungwa, Novgorod akasimuka pamusoro nzvimbo maguta matatu maduku. Pamwe chete, vakaita akakombwa kugarwa kwavo itsva uye kuva guta idzva - Novgorod.

Imwe pfungwa inoratidza kuti pane mumwe, musha yakawanda yekare. yokugara kwakadaro kuwanikwa pagomo asiri kure panzvimbo pane Novgorod nhasi. chikomo Ancient akatumidza dzavarwi. Zvakafukunurwa dzakaratidza kuti nharaunda pechikomo varipo tsindirana namagariro (zvichida dzemo kwamachinda uye vapristi vechihedheni). Asi kana mumwe kana mumwe pfungwa havagoni kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo dzakawanda Makawana pamusoro zvemakore zvenhoroondo muguta rino.

rokutanga remakore

Pakutanga, Novgorod yekare waiva yemapuranga musha muduku. Nokuda kakawanda mafashamo vagari vakavaka dzimba dzavo pane chinhambwe kubva pagungwa, pamwe erwizi. Pave paya, mashoko "nokuparara" mumugwagwa unobva siyana muguta. First Novgorod Kremlin akanga unremarkable yemapuranga marongerwo. nhare kwakadaro duku Russia akadana munhare duku kukura uye pachena simba.

Detinets rwaigara yose rwokumusoro-dzokumadokero chikamu musha. Izvi yekare Novgorod zvinokwezva uye zvishoma. Mhiri pamusoro Prince achiitei dzimba uye Cave mupfumi Slovenian musha.

Yenzendo dzokutanga

Hazvinei duku sei zvingaita kwatiri mashoko anowanika nemabhuku emabasa vavo vachiri zvinogona akapeta nhoroondo Novgorod. Somuenzaniso, mune yaMakoronike mukupera remakore rechi9 anotaura mushandirapamwe pakati Prince Oleg pakati Kiev. Izvi zvakaguma mubatanidzwa marudzi maviri necheSalvic - munda Ilmen Slavs. In renhoroondo dzamadzimambo rechigumi inoti remakore kuti vanhu Novgorod vaiva vabati vechibharo pakati VaViking akaripa navo 300 Hryvnia pagore. Gare gare, Novgorod akava pasi Kiev, uye Princess Olga pachake akaratidza kukura mutero kubva Novgorod munyika. Chronicles nezvoUmambo zhinji mutero raigona vakaungana chete nevapfumi uye nokubudirira musha.

Kuwedzera Novgorod

Hazvibviri nezvoUmambo yekare Novgorod, pasina kudoma zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo chacho vavatorwa mudzimba negwaro. Novgorod Land kugara kukura ndima itsva - panguva ichatonga zvine mbiri pokudzora ichi anotambanudza guta kubva kweArctic Ocean kusvika Torzhok. Part yenyika akamanikidzwa somugumisiro remapazi zvechiuto. Somuenzaniso, pamushandirapamwe pamusoro Chud marudzi vaigara kuchamhembe vemazuva Estonia, vakauya akapfuma mutero kuna chefuma muguta, uye iri yemadzitateguru munyika Chud akazviratidza necheSalvic Yuryev, yakavambwa Yaroslav vachenjeri.

Diploma apfuura bhuku. Svyatoslav Olegovich, rinoronga kumakuva akawanda duku riri kure kuchamhembe, asi kana vari vanotaurwa vaverengwe Saka, mumwe zvipo kumuchinda vakabva ikoko. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, mundima Novgorod nyika uye kukura murunyararo - varimi Russian pakutsvaka ivhu rakaorera wakabatsirawo chaizvo rugare Colonisation yemadzinza dzisiri necheSalvic.

Miganhu weboka nyika

nzvimbo yakakura zvakadaro zvinodiwa kuti vachipe, saka zvakanga rakakamurwa mumatunhu mashanu (zvikamu), izvo zvakaita yekare Novgorod. Zvikamu vakagara sezvinotevera:

• Obonezhskaya Pyatina - kuratidzirwa pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa White.
• Vodskaya Pyatina - yaigarwa chikamu ano Republic of yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia.
• Shelonskoy Pyatina - nzvimbo kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero Novgorod.
• Derevskoy Pyatina - kuratidzirwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.
• Bezhetskaya Pyatina - chete ane miganhu havasi neVadzidzi muganhu guta, Pyatina rino riri pakati nzvimbo uye Derevskoy Obonezhskaya zvikamu.

Population zvikamu kunyanya mubasa kubudiswa munyika, kuvhima, hove. Akakwanisa zvikamu vamiririri akatumwa kubva Novgorod machinda. nyika kure More akashanyira gore rimwe mutero vateresi, iyo yaisvika kusvikira kunzvimbo yakagara Khanty Mansi madzinza uye - kure kumabvazuva. Tribute rwakabhadharwa zvikurukuru furs, ayo zvino zvinobudirira kutengeswa kuna Europe. Nokuda makushe kutengeserana mitero uye mubasa pfupi iri Novgorod yekare rakava rimwe vakapfuma maguta Kievan Rus.

guta utariri

Novgorod, guta rekare venyika Russian, akanga akasiyana kuti Ages chehurumende - munhu zvokuvhoterwa. Panguva IX-XI emakore Novgorod nyika vaiva hapana akasiyana nevamwe nyika Kievan Rus. Asi XII remakore, chikuru chehurumende anova dzomumaguta Chamber. Aitonga guta rekare? Sezvo Novgorod akava zvokuvhoterwa?

Mhinduro kutsvaka ari charters ari kutanga XII remakore. The mumutsara 1130 tinowana mureza hurongwa Prince Mstislav mwanakomana wake Vsevolod. Ndizvozvo - vari yomuchinda nyika uye kuva. Asi kuverenga uye kunyora muna 1180 Izyaslav muna Novgorod anotsvaka kutora nyika pedyo wemamongi. Sezvinogona kuoneka, panguva pakuguma XII remakore vatongi vakanga vasinganamati dzizere madzishe, uye aitofanira kutsvaka mvumo nezviremera guta.

The kuipira ari Novgorod yemuna kuti 1136. Panguva iyi, vapanduki vakasunga Prince Mstislav, pamwe chete nemhuri yake uye mavhiki matanhatu, akaramba ari muutapwa, uye akabva abvumirwa kusiya yekare Novgorod. Muchidimbu pamusoro iyi tinogona kutaura izvi: necheSalvic Chamber akanga akararamazve uye akava Paramende simba. Paiva kutanga kusarudzwa hofisi - posadniki vakaperekedza yakazvimirira negwaro. chimiro ichi hurumende yakabudirira yaiva Novgorod dzinotaurwa makore anopfuura mazana matatu. Chete pashure ropa accession pamusoro Novgorod kuna Moscow hugota pamusoro Novgorod freemen apera.

Posadniki akatonga muguta?

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Novgorod yekare akatonga posadniki. Hongu kana kwete? On mubvunzo uyu hapana mhinduro chaiwo. Pamutemo posadniki anodzora oparesheni remakurukota, sheedzera nokusunungura guta kanzuru. Mumaoko avo makiyi zvombo uye upfumi guta. Ivo waidzora basa Chamber uye kwakauraya sarudzo akatorwa ikoko.

Sezvo Novgorod yekare akatonga posadniki? Hongu kana kwete? Ngatiswederei dambudziko kubva mhiri. Muchimiro sarudzo mumazuva iwayo akanga akasiyana kuti vakagamuchirwa munyika yanhasi. Zvisarudzo akatorwa panguva Chamber haisi nyore vakawanda, uye mune nyasha vaya vanodanidzira kuti loudest. Screamers posadniki oumhizha kwakadaro vanoripirwa munzvimbo dzavo uye akasimudzira muna Chamber, kuti zvinodiwa nomutemo zvokudya. Tinogona kutaura kuti pamutemo Novgorod rinotungamirirwa vagari vose. Asi chokwadi simba rakanga mumaoko akasarudzwa posadniks.

Machinda Novgorod

Machinda Novgorod vasina kodzero. Chete munguva yehondo sezvakarayirwa Chamber anogona kuvakoka kurayira kudzivirira guta. Vakaripira machinda vairambidzwa kunyika yavo uye kupindurawo kumhanya guta. Ivo vane mhuri uye mhuri vakagara Mound - ipapo pavo kunge akashongedzerwa chinokosha neimba.

Asi machinda ndivo akamhanya Novgorod yekare munguva yehondo. Special Chamber vaiona musarudzo pedyo machinda uye zvisarudzo, mumwe wavo kushevedzera kuti ubatsirwe. Vakasarudzwa vakagara Wevhu, akapa mumaoko ose masimba, vakaungana pasi utungamiriri wake dzomumaguta varwi. Uye pashure kuchaitwa ngozi yehondo nyore vakadzingwa, sezvo vachiti vari yaMakoronike yekare, akataura nzira yake. Panyaya iyi, machinda ose Novgorod vakatsvaka kunyatsoomerera kuchengeta clauses chesungano:

• kwete kupindira munyaya dzomunyika muupenyu Novgorod;
• inogutswa kuunganidzwa muripo;
• kutungamirira mashandiro emauto.

machinda avo vasingabvumi zvinoenderana ezvinhu, pakanga nyore adzingwa Novgorod pfuma. Kunze, zvichida, aiva yokutonga Aleksandra Nevskogo. A wakadzikama ruoko uye kunyatsoomerera mutemo pavanoparidza raiva nechokuita ngozi kwekanguva kuwiriraniswa muchinda Novgorod varayirwa. Iye ndiye aitonga muchinda yekare Novgorod uye mutongi. Asi mushure Nevsky akatora choushe, Novgorod hauna kukumbira kwaari kana mhuri Prince, kana ake navakuru.

uto Novgorod

emakore Novgorod rusununguko aisungirwa kuti kurarama zvakazara akazvimirira dzimwe negwaro. Pakutanga, chinangwa chikuru kuwedzera rechiuto raiva kuwedzera miganhu yacho Novgorod Republic, gare gare yaiva mubvunzo sei kuchengetedza huripo miganhu uye kudzivirira uchangamire ehurumende. Kuti aite mabasa iwayo Novgorod aifanira kubvuma nenhume marudzi kubatana shamwari enyika uye kuti kutyora navo kuhaya varindi uye nehondo, uye akaunganidza vanhu vomunzvimbo.

Novgorod aiva nomuzongoza weuto nevarwi. Chaiva vanhuwo zvavo, nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vanokudzwa uye ndokuendeswa. Hatina kodzero kuva muuto varanda uye nhengo kwevafundisi. Elite mauto kukupfura akakumbirwa Prince uye akarayira nemauto mashandiro pacharo Prince akasarudza mhinduro Chamber.

The chikuru zvokuzvidzivirira pamusoro Novgorod vaiva nhovo, chain tsamba uye bakatwa. Vakawanda mimwe zvombo vaakawana Zvakafukunurwa akazotevera, uye mienzaniso yakanakisisa, uye ikozvino zvinochengetwa mumamiziyamu uye mapikicha Novgorod yekare.

Head dzakasiyana-siyana nengowani zvesimbi. Kurwisa akashandisa minondo namapfumo muruoko kuisa kurwisana akashandisa flails uye maces. Ranged achishingaira kushandiswa uta uye crossbows. Crossbows conceded mune mwero moto, asi rinorema mazano miseve aigona kubaya chero, kunyange akasimba dzokurwa mupikisi.

The tsika Novgorod yekare, sarudza munhu tsika

Pfungwa Christianity Orthodox akava hwaro tsika, yetsika uye pfungwa upenyu Novgorod muvanhu. Temberi Novgorod yekare akaunganidzawo vazhinji uye anodzorwa nemabhishopi. Office kuti bhishopi, uyewo pambiru meya muna Novgorod akanga zvokuwedzera. Election nzira wezvemweya iri mubasa Chamber.

Zvinofadza kuti kunyange mumazuva iwayo okutanga paiva nzira yokuti kusarudzwa rokunyika uye zvokunamata vatongi. On-nzvimbo veche misangano zvakaziviswa mazita matatu musarudzo, vakanga kureva parchment uye rakanamwa Posadnik. Zvino Novgorod akaenda pasi masvingo etemberi St. Sophia vake, apo kukudzwa kunochera mijenya kuwana munhu bofu kana mwana. The yasarudzwa Ipfungwa pakarepo pachena, uye akasarudzwa bhishopi vakagamuchira makorokoto.

Muzana XI remakore, muitiro siyanei. Zvaionekwa kuti Kumukundi haasi munhu anoenda uye anoramba uye anova mutongi. Archpriest St. Sophia Cathedral akatora mijenya, kuverenga kubva mazita, uye zita Kumukundi inofanira kuziviswa pakupedzisira. Kazhinji, madzishe nevatariri archbishops pakati Novgorod machechi vakava abbots pamusoro dzemamongi pedyo uye vamiririri kwevafundisi rokunyika.

Asi paivawo zviitiko apo vakasarudzwa havana kunyange defrocked. Saka, muna 1139 dzakakwirira nzvimbo rakatora yeko Klyuchnik Aleksy akasarudza kururama uye uMwari. Simba archbishops yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru pakati pevanhu Novgorod. Kanopfuura kamwe ivo kudzivisa kukakavadzana, Mirili vakapopotera, vakaropafadza hondo. Pasina chikomborero waJehovha haana kubvuma kana zvoupfumi, kana muchiuto vatongi Novgorod chibvumirano ane kushanyira machinda uye vamiririri dzimwe nyika.

Mavakirwo Novgorod yekare

Unyanzvi Novgorod yekare chatinokoshesa munhoroondo Russian tsika. In yechipiri yezana XII remakore Novgorod ezvivako kuvaka dzimba muenzaniso wavo, kudimburira madziro Zvivako zvechitendero pachake, yapakuvamba Pamifananidzo. Pakutanga nevatariri archbishops avo uchitombori kugara mukuru chinzvimbo muChechi akanyatsorongwa, akaponesa hapana mari kune machechi uye kereke Novgorod yekare. Simba chechi ine rupo mari kubva huru panyika, munhu mipiro, zvakavakodzera uye Zvirango hurongwa.

Zvinosuruvarisa ounyanzvi mashoma emapuranga mapurani dzakararama kusvikira nhasi. Machechi Novgorod mangwanani zvikuru kutevedzera yakakurumbira Kiev nzvimbo vechiKristu tsvene, asi panguva mambakwedza kwemireniyumu itsva iri contours pakati machechi ose Novgorod kuratidza zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo. Somuenzaniso, kare St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod kwave vakakopa temberi zvakafanana guru Kiev.

masvingo aro korona rinorema, leaden domes, uye chete soro pavo, wechishanu, pamwe ichivaima goridhe. Pakutanga, Novgorod Church of St .. Sofia yakaitwa namatanda, uyewo zvose mapurani hurongwa iyoyo. Asi chivako yepakutanga, wakati raimirira anenge makumi mashanu nemakore, akapisa pasi nomoto guru.

Prince Vladimir, mwanakomana Yaroslava Mudrogo, akasarudza kumisa mutsva ibwe Church, rakafanana yakakurumbira temberi Kiev. Kuti aite izvi, muchinda aifanira kudana navavaki uye ezvivako kubva Kiev - kwete kuwanikwa Novgorod vavaki vanoziva sei kuti kushanda ibwe. Cathedral akanakidzwa mukurumbira mukuru pakati pavagere Novgorod uye zvikamu - munguva yemitambo guru masvingo aro yaisagona kuonekwa nokuda vazhinji. Kereke yakaramba chezvipo guta, uye madziro echivako chacho rinomuvanza yakawanda akavanzwa saizvozvo pfuma. Zvichida vamwe vavo vakanga vasina vakaona nanhasi.

In yechipiri yezana XII remakore vatengi temberi uye ezvirevo haachatyi rinowanika kereke, uye vapfumi vanokudzwa uye vanamabharani. Mimwe mienzaniso chinozikamwa pakati Novgorod mapurani - Peter uye Paul Cathedral iri tanners, temberi chitarisiko musi them, Church of St. Theodore musi Stratelates Creek - yakavakwa pamusoro mipiro pamusoro Knights. Boyars haana stint pamusoro mukati chechi - mabasa ose anoitwa kushandisa yendarama neyesirivha. Madziro temberi vakanga yakashongedzwa inopenya murals kubudikidza vemifananidzo omunharaunda uye mifananidzo Novgorod, akanyorwa panguva, haana kurega katyamadza nhasi.

Modern Novgorod zvinokwezva

Vashanyi vachakwanisa kuwana nguva yedu ano Novgorod, zvivako zvakawanda muguta rino. The mazita fanira zvinokwezva - yakakurumbira Detinets kakawanda zvipiriso kuna madota uye zvakare azopora muzana remakore rechi13, chete nguva ino muchimiro ibwe. Church of St. Paraskeva uye Volotovo Church kukwezva vashanyi nokuda kwayo zvinoshamisa Pamifananidzo uye mifananidzo, mavara yakajeka vasingazoiti kukanganisa uye nhasi. Vanoda kuti sika Munguva Novgorod yekare pane uchimuratidza matongo kupikidura Utatu - ichi ndipo unogona kufamba mumigwagwa X remakore, uye ona zvakawanda uchapupu hwekare nguva.

zvabuda

Kusvikira XV remakore Novgorod akatungamirira zvikuru andinenge changamire kuvapo, achitora uye kumanikidzira yayo mutemo kuti nyika dzakavakidzana. Novgorod simba kupararira kure mhiri pamutemo miganhu yacho weutungamiriri. The fuma vemo uye akabudirira dzaishandiswa ukama Akakwezva ose pedyo inoti. Novgorod dzaiwanzova kudzivirira kwavo rusununguko, tichiratidza yakakuwandira pakati yeSweden, Livonians, ivo Knights German uye irrepressible vavakidzani vavo - Moscow uye Suzdal zvemisoro.

Aine pfuma Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania Novgorod vanosarudza kuchinjanisa pane kurwa, kutengeserana ukama pakati penyika mbiri vane dzinza refu. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti zvakanga kubva kumaodzanyemba munyika Novgorod akasvika dzidzo hurongwa, iyo anobvumira nomumwe akasununguka murume kuverenga uye kunyora. Vanotsvakurudza kuwana mipumburu yakawanda birch-nemakwati neimba kana kurovedza rugwaro iri Novgorod munyika - zvichida mamwe zvemisoro vasara pashure pokuwa Kievan Rus, usingatangi vachikoshesa zvikuru kusvika padanho kuverenga wayo vanogarapo.

Zvinosuruvarisa simba uye akapfuma vaisagona dzafumurwa nguva. The hasha wokuti kumanikidzwa annexation ndima Russian zvange. Novgorod haana kudzivisa yakakuwandira vehondo Ivana Groznogo, uye muna 1478 rakanga rapinzwa Grand Duchy kuMoscow. Rich tsika uye tsika zvishoma nezvishoma ndokuwira kuora, musimboti nemagariro uye raanoziva vakatamira iri easterly mirayiridzo, uye Novgorod pakupedzisira akazova mumaruwa guta.