Nomenclature pamusoro Organic Compounds

In makemikari mabhuku uye zuva upenyu kushandisa makemikari mazita biosoedineny kwakavakirwa zvakasiyana nomenclatural enyika. Pane kudiwa kusangana zvinokosha zvavo.

Nomenclature pamusoro Organic Compounds.

Mazuva ano, nokuti zita chete makemikari nyaya dzinowanzotaura zvitatu Nomenclature: dzakaitika, kana zviduku (mu French zvinoreva zvakwo, non-zvechokwadi) zvakaringana (vakachenjera, zvakakodzera) uye zvesayenzi kana hurongwa dzesayenzi dzakabudirira IUPAC.

A sezvisingakoshi Nomenclature kuti makemikari yeimwe wamuka netsaona, kana kuvhurika yakati makemikari nyaya. Mazita kazhinji vanoratidza dzinongoitika manyuko umo pakutanga hwokurara makemikari remubatanidzwa (ethyl doro, urea, runzimbe shuga, lactate, acetate, citrate, formic acid), nzira kubudisa nefuma (Esteri namo murindi), mhuri masayendisiti akawana mukomboni (Lewis acid, yeHydrocarbon Chichibabin, Michler kuti ketones). Dzimwe nguva mazita aya anongoitika (methane, acetone, asparagine, makabhohaidhiretsi).

Pfungwa Nomenclature Organic yeimwe

Zvinonzi inobva zvenhando mazita nyore zvinhu zvakafanana neizvi vekirasi Organic yeimwe mune morekuru usingafadzi munhu kana kupfuura rehydrogen maatomu zvatsiviwa nomumwe atomu kana mabhomba mapoka. Somuenzaniso, ethane pane ndaisagona Nomenclature rinonzi metilmetanom; ethyl doro (doro hwokurara nyore carbinol) - metilkarbinolom; propionic asidhi - methyl acetate asidhi etc. Zvisinei, zvakawanda dzakaoma biostructures Nomenclature ichi Organic zvinhu kukodzera. Naizvozvo, zvaida kusikwa itsva Nomenclature nesayenzi, izvo biosoedineniya zita rayo marongerwo anofanira kuenzana mumwe.

Zvesayenzi Nomenclature kuti makemikari yeimwe inoumbwa IUPAC ndiyo yakarurama pamusoro akurukurwa. Maererano nemitemo yayo, mumwe makemikari fuma, kana akazaruka kare synthesized uye synthesized pamazuva edu, iri basa zvesayenzi zita, iro rinoshandiswa mishonga munyika yose.

Kunyatsogona ari Nomenclature vakagamuchirwa panguva chirongwa Germany makemikari kemisiti A. V. Gofmana (1818-1892) muna 1892 panguva International Congress of maKemisiti kuGeneva (Nomenclature iyi Organic yeimwe ainzi Geneva). With kukura makemikari kemisitiri riri nani uye vaisanganisa. Panguva Congress of pakati IUPAC mu London (1947) kunge kwakatanga uye aifarirwa magetsi ezvinhu se "IUPAC Nomenclature Regulation" mazita Organic yeimwe.

Apo IUPAC (Geneva) akasikwa zvachose makomisheni, wovhura itsva synthesized Organic yeimwe zvinopa mazita yakarurama yesayenzi. In yaimbova USSR rakabudiswa mavhoriyamu zvitatu "mitemo IUPAC Nomenclature" (1st uye 2nd Cheap 1979, wechitatu T - .. 1983). Maererano izvi nemitemo rokuremekedza yeimwe chinosanganisira kutukana rokuti marongerwo uye zvimedu zviratidzo aakaudzwa nzira zvimedu.

Aronga nzira ina inotungamirwa IUPAC mazita: 1) substitutive - hwaro zita kutora chimwe chidimbu, apo wechipiri ichaongororwa sezvo substituent rehydrogen, semuenzaniso, (C6H5) 2Mak - diphenylmethane, 2) coupling, mauri mukomboni zita akavaka kubva akawanda dzakaenzana mamorekuru akadai C6H5 -S6N5 - biphenyl; 3) dzichipfekeka kukuru umo hwaro pano vaifunga zita yakakura zita akadai CH = CHC1 ari dzichipfekeka boka uye, - raive nebutiro chloride, uye 4) kushanduka yokutsiva Nomenclature rinoshandiswa zita rehydrogen Organic yeimwe rinoumbwa mamorekuru zviri nekarbonovye maatomu.

Nezuva basa dzinowanzotaura nheyo kukuru chadzo uye substitutive nzira IUPAC Nomenclature.