Ethyl doro: Vhuṱanzi, nzira rokuzvigadzira uye kushandisa

Alcohols - nomukaka zviri Mahydrocarbon, mune morekuru usingafadzi munhu kana kupfuura hydrogens kuchiiswa kuti hydroxyl boka (OH). Lower alcohols vari soluble mune zvikuru zvose nemvura. With alcohols acids anoumba esters. hydroxyl Boka iri rehydrogen anogona kutsiviwa. Saka, pasi zvinoitwa yavaibvisa simbi alcoholates zviri kuumbwa. Panguva hydrolysis pamusoro alkoxides anoora kuti mvura uye yavaibvisa hydroxide.

Primary alcohols zvakanaka oxidized kuumbika aldehydes. Aldehydes - Organic yeimwe vane OH mapoka uye vasaora esters; dziparare pamusoro mamwe oxidation kuti acids pamwe carboxylic maatomu mashoma. Panguva kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols vakawana unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. At muviri aliphatic alcohols Kazhinji marwadzo. Simba zvinokonzerwa nedoro pakuti nezvavanenge ehupfumi. Kana ichienzaniswa mono- kana polyhydric alcohols akacherechedza kuti zvinoitwa yokupedzisira simba, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange akarasika, kureva kuwedzera uwandu mapoka hydroxyl ari Morekuru rinoita pharmacological chiito Somuenzaniso, glycerol haana kuti munhu kwezvinodhaka chiito.

Kugadzirira ethyl doro

Doro kwezvokurapa kushandiswa yaunganidzwa chinovira pamusoro sugary zvinhu. Fermentable makabhohaidhiretsi pachena rye, mbatatisi, chibage, uye nezvimwe chirimwa zvokuvakisa. Pari, vanoverengeka zvenguva kuvazivisa mumatanho doro chinovira. In distillery kuuya zvinhu (mbatatisi uye nezvimwewo) kushamba kubva pasi uye madhaka, uye ipapo akatakudza kuva rinokosha aizomupa mudziyo, izvo zvibereko chiutsi pasi nevamwe vaviri kana vatatu atmospheres. Starch, riri mbatatisi, saka ichichinja kuita namatidza. The zvichiguma gobvu chakasvitswa kuti Mash tun simba uye ipapo anokurudzira ari dzaserera kusvika 50 inegumi. To izvi akawedzera mumera iri kuwanda kusvikira 10% maererano nokurema matapiri. Mumera bhari kumera agadzirwa. In nedanho kumera nebhari munzvimbo tsanga ndiyo paumbwe uye kuunganidza makemikari, mumwe unova enzayemu amylase. Mashoko enzayemu hydrolyzes kuti starch kuti maltose. Zvadaro, pasi pokudzora maltose enzayemu invertase iri rinochinjwa kuva aqueous svikiro kuti shuga. Last kukanganiswa Zymase vatendeukira panyaya iyi pamwe nokubudiswa carbon dioxide. Masero anonzi kwakakwana kana Kushanduka kabhoni diokisda wakagumiswa. Mashoko vakawana mvura inonzi Mash, rine vanenge 18% doro uye intermediates siyana chinovira - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde acetate), yepamusoro alcohols, esters, etc. Zvadaro, naMashi iri pasi DISTILLATION. Kutanga, musanganiswa ane doro zviri vanenge 70%, ipapo pachiyero yokupedzisira vanomutsirwa 96%. Ethyl doro zvakapfuudzwa nokuda chokupedzisira kucheneswa kuburikidza neactivated charcoal.

Zvemari zvinobetsera kugadzirira zvokugadzirwa nevanhu doro - ethylene, izvo pasi zvinoitwa iine acid sulphate kunopa sulfatnoetilovy Eteri uchiora pasi zvinoitwa nemvura ethyl doro kuti sulphate acid. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti doro rinogona synthesized kubva acetylene. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, acetylene akanga achipfuura ane aqueous mhinduro kuti iine acid sulphate pamberi anowedzera kuti kwakunoitwa mvura unopfuura kupinda ethanal. The aldehyde iri kwakadonhera kure uye ipfupi pamwe rehydrogen kuti doro. doro wevasungwa runoratidzwa madhigirii, semuenzaniso, 33 ° 40 °. madhigirii izvi anoratidza sei bhuku doro iri 100 vamapoka Vhoriyamu mhinduro.

Pane zvinotevera doro mamakisi:

- mbishi (92-95 °), insufficiently rinocheneswa fusel kwemafuta uye aldehydes;

- kunogadzirisika (95-96 °), kushanda akasununguka nouipi;

- mhedziso - kushanda anhydrous;

- denatured - mbishi doro, kuti zviri akawedzera pyridine dzinongoitika nitrogenous vakaisvoipa; Rinoshandiswa kuti maindasitiri uye mudzimba zvinangwa zvake.

Ethyl doro - Inflammable läpinäkyvä mvura ane kwazvakarerekera maitiro, doro kwakanaka uye nokupisa kuravira. doro wakachena yakanaka makemikari solvent. panyaya iyi arambe achirema pakuti ayo wevasungwa munguva mhinduro (semuenzaniso, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

Kushandiswa panyaya iyi

Zvinoderedza kana kunouraya majemusi, kunyanya panguva kuwanda pamusoro 60-70%. The mushonga zvaanopa simba kugaya, reflexively runogonesa basa kufema muzinda uye mwoyo nokuda kufenda. Externally aishanda ari disinfectant, irritant, mumwe kutonhora uye zvinozorodza pakurapa kutsva (I dhigirii uye II) rinoreva.