Ndege mugadziri Igor Sikorsky: Biography, zvigadzirwa

Nhasi, Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich rinosanganisa pakukura nhatu pemarudzi makuru ndege ano. The huru ina-injini ndege, hofori zvinobhururuka zvikepe uye multipurpose helicopters, iyo akaita basa rinokosha kukura avhiyesheni, kwakaonekwa anoonga shasha ari kunozivikanwa ndege.

Igor Sikorsky: Biography

piyona Aviation akaberekwa May 25, 1889 muKiev, Ukraine (zvino - the Russian Empire). baba vake, Ivan, aiva chiremba uye purofesa wepfungwa. Amai vaivawo zvokurapa dhigirii, asi tsika haana kwaisanganisirei. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich rupi kufunga yakatarwa yavo - madzitateguru ake kubva pamazuva Peter I ari mushumiri chechi yeRussian Orthodox, saka, vakanga Russian. Mumwe wake kuyeuka ndiyo nyaya amai kuedza Leonardo da Vinci kugadzira ndege. Kubvira hope ndege akabatwa ndekwokufungidzira, pasinei nokuti anoramba achitaura pamusoro zvisingaiti kuratidza ichi. Pakupedzisira, aine makore 12, Igor Sikorsky akavaka muenzaniso neherikoputa. Kushanda nesimba yakakoswa rabha evapambi, mamiriro ndokumuka mumhepo. Zvino mukomana aiziva kuti hope dzake haana richizvitenda senhema.

zvinotyisa rwendo

Makore mashomanana gare gare, apo Igor uye baba vake akanga achizorora Germany, paakaziva wokutanga airship chinonyengera kuchaitwa Count of Zeppelin. Iyewo verenga pamusoro anobudirira kutiza Wright hama, uye yakarohwa ndechokuti pepanhau guru budiriro yakadaro kudhindwa duku riri rokupedzisira peji. Panguva iyoyo, Sikorsky akasarudza kupedzera hwake avhiyesheni. chinangwa chacho chaicho chaiva kutanga zano kuti anogona kuyengerera pamusoro imwe pfungwa kana achibhururuka chero achida mirayiridzo - the neherikoputa.

Akabva akatanga kuita kuedza avo duku hotera mukamuri, kutanga rotor uye kuyera ayo chikwidzo. Paakadzoka Kiev Igor akakanda Polytechnic Institute uye akatanga pokutsvakurudza mu zvichiitika munzvimbo nesayenzi. Akanga asina kunyange maviri, aiva mukuru chido uye vakawanda pfungwa, asi zvishoma inoshanda ruzivo uye mari.

School of aeronautics

Igor Sikorsky nokukurumidza akaenda Paris kutenga injini nezvimwe pagondobwe neherikoputa ake. Ikoko, panguva yomunharaunda Banga, munhuwi nokupisa mafuta Castor kukwana mhando, vakura yemashoko ndege, kuedza kubhururuka, akasiya zvisingafi mucherechedzo pamusoro mweya wake. Nokukurumidza Sikorski akabatana richangobva kusikwa, zvikuru kurongwa French aeronautics chikoro, zvisinei, nechido mudzidzi haana kuwana chinhu mukana kuti mumhepo. Kana kutenga-humburumbira matatu Anzani injini, akasangana Louis Bleriot, uyo akatenga injini nokuda kwayo monoplane itsva. Vhiki shomanana gare gare, akashinga Bleriot akapinda munhoroondo avhiyesheni, akaita wokutanga ndege mhiri Chirungu Channel. Ichi chiitiko dzakaitika zvikuru zvakakanganisa pakuzadzisa avhiyesheni.

Wokutanga patani

By mid-1909, Igor Sikorsky akapedza neherikoputa yake yokutanga. Asi, hazvinei sei ake hunyambiri pakaunda-kutenderera rotor kuburikidza mumhepo, chikwata haana kuratidzwa zvishoma chido kutama. Sikorski pakupedzisira akavaka biplane uye muna June iroro payo akamutsa metres shoma mumhepo. Paakanga akaravira abudirire vakawanda gumi seconds. Mumwedzi yakatevera, Igor akasika zvimwe prototypes ndokuvaitira pfupi ndege uye kazhinji akazvimedura, izvo zvaiwanzoitwa mumazuva avhiyesheni mangwanani. Asi ari kushandisa undamaged zvikamu zvakavakwa sezvinotevera, nani muenzaniso. Sikorski haana mwoyo wokutanga kukundikana, nekuti zvakawanda akadzidza pamusoro neherikoputa uye aiva nechokwadi chokuti kana asina uchiteverwa ndege, uyo achava pashure pake, nokusingaperi chokwadi kuti kubhururuka.

ndangariro

Pakazosvika chitubu 1910 kuedza yechipiri mumutsetse rotorcraft zvakanzi rakagadzirirwa, iro vakashanda vasinganeti Sikorski. The neherikoputa akanga mukukutu sezvo musiki wake. Kutsungirira mugadziri kwakanga kuyemurika asi zvishoma nezvishoma akasvika chinosuruvarisa mhedziso kuti zvimwe akanga mberi nguva yake uye anofanira kuvaka zvetsika ndege.

Kwemakore akawanda, Sikorsky Aircraft mabasa kumbokanganwa kurota kwake kuvaka akabudirira zvechokwadi neherikoputa. Nokukurumidza akagamuchira dhipuroma munhu mutyairi wendege ari Imperial All-Russia aeroclub uye siyana nemasoja pedyo Kiev akaratidza ayo C-5. Pane ndege akasangana chevaux Nicholas II. Next muenzaniso C-6a akagamuchira soro mubayiro panguva mhepo anoratidza muMoscow. Asi zvishoma chiitiko, apo, nekuti utunga tsinga mafuta mutsetse, uye Sikorsky akamanikidzwa kuita chimbichimbi kumhara, akava kuurayisa.

"Ilya Muromets" - plane hofori

Chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti ndege kuti pfungwa kuwedzera rakavimbika ndege achishandisa akawanda injini - inoshamisa uye yakakura pfungwa panguva. Sikorski zvinganaka kuvaka mana-injini biplane yakakura (nokuti nguva) saizi. Ndege pakunzi "Grand". Pamberi ndege yaiva hombe Outdoor nhurikidzwa. A yakakura mutakurwi mupanda iri seri nzvimbo yemutekenyi.

In May 1913 ndege akaita yayo yokutanga bvunzo kutiza. ndege iyi yakanga kwekanguva kugutsikana zvikuru, sezvo vakawanda Sikorski akati kuti ndege huru yakadai haigoni kubhururuka. Kutenda kwake pfungwa uye kutsunga kwavo kunamatira chavo Ipai zana. Chevaux Nicholas II kuzoongorora "Grand" uye nokuda kwemashoko yokutanga zvina-injini ndege ndege mugadziri chaauya akanyorwa yokurinda. Akurudzirwa Sikorsky akavakira ndege yakatokura, vaimudana "Ilya Muromets". Ndege aiva rakazaruka zambuko pamusoro fuselage, uko vakashinga vatakurwi aizomira uye kunakidzwa girl pazasi. Big chikepe kwakanga kutekenyedzwa muchiuto, uye vamiririri Russian Navy akasvika Petrograd kuti aongorore Somuenzaniso, vakapakata pontoons.

The yokutanga World

Pashure chigaro pamusoro yeAustria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Russia iri yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka ari World War First. "Ilya Muromets" yakanga yachinjwa kuva bhomba, iyo yakava hwaro Russian mhepo tsamwisa pamusoro vokuGermany. Vose, ndege muchirongwa anopfuura 400 kusimuka, uye oga payakarovera nomoto Anti-ndege. Kana muna 1917 Bolshevik chimurenga hwapararira umambo, gamba redu nyaya kusiya nyika. Muzhizha 1918, Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, vane mhuri yakanga vasara Russia, vachisiya zvose zvinhu zvavo, vakaenda kuna Paris, apo akatanga kugadzira hombe bhomba nokuda Air Service United States Army. Asi kuguma hondo kugumisa basa rake. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, iye vakatama kuna US, Sikorsky kuzadzisa hope hwake. MuUnited States, akanga asina shamwari kana mari. Asi akafuridzirwa, nekuti ndaifunga kuti munyika ino vanhu vane vamire pfungwa vane mukana kubudirira.

The American Kurota

Pashure pfupi akazoshanda kambani "McCook Field" muna Dayton, Ohio, kubatsira kuva super-bhomba. Asi apo ndege kwainzi bazi kufa bhizimisi uye asingashandi Sikorski akadzokera New York. Kwete kuwana basa iri avhiyesheni indasitiri, akatanga zvokuita kuti Russian vatamira masvomhu uye zvenyeredzi. Panguva iyoyowo, akapinda airfields omunharaunda uye akapanga vakatarira vatorwa ndege. Igor akatanga kutsoropodza nezvenyaya avhiyesheni uye yakasimbiswa mari mukana kudzokera chaanodisisa chikonzero. Sikorsky yakatanga mapatya-injini vezvokutengeserana ndege, vaikwanisa akatakura 12 kusvika 15 yakazobuda - akatangira ano airliner.

tanga American

Mushure kuunganidza zvishanidswa zvinodiwa mari, Sikorsky akatanga kuvaka ndege mudura ane yehuku purazi iri Long Island. Asi zvose kumativi haana mari yakakwana, uye akashandisa yakawanda yakakodzera zvinoriumba kubva omunharaunda landfills. The michini vakange vakwegura, World War First. Pakupedzisira, mukuru Russian wenziyo Sergei Rachmaninoff akanunura countryman chipeto mu uwandu $ 5,000. Kana ndege itsva yakanga akagadzirira anotanga bvunzo kutiza, asi vabatsiri ndege sere vakaungana mundege. Igor Sikorsky aiziva kwaiva kukanganisa, asi ndakanga ndisingagoni kuramba navo. Pashure anononoka kutanga injini kwakakundikana, uye Igor akaita zvashata kumhara, kunokuvadza zvikuru nendege. Zvaiita kuti ichi chaiva mugumo. Asi Sikorski kare vakadzidza havana mapfumo uye pashure pemwedzi mishomanana akadzorera ndege yainzi C-29-A. Letter "A" pano rinoreva shoko "America". C-29-A aiva ndege zvinoshamisa zvakanaka, nechokwadi mari kubudirira kambani Sikorsky. Aviator Roscoe Turner yatenga ndege kuita nguva dzose uye chata ndege. Gare gare chikwata vaishandisawo inobhururuka sigaa chitoro.

Muna 1926, yose avhiyesheni nyika akafara mubayiro uwandu $ 25,000, iyo dzataurwa nokuda wokutanga munhu unoita thro kutiza pakati New York uye Paris. Sikorski akakumbirwa kuvaka hombe-injini matatu biplane kuti French hondo gamba Rene Fonck, vakaronga kugamuchira mubayiro. The vashandi akanga achimhanyira pamwe okupedzisira kugadzirira kuguma kutiza bvunzo asati. Panguva yasimuka migweje ndege vakatamira kubudikidza murwi. Mumasekonzi mashomanana, iye ikava unopfuta hwakaoma chaizvo. Fonck nepaburi retsono, asi nhengo mbiri rakarira vakaurayiwa. Pakarepo kushinga murume wokuFrance akarayira mumwe ndege kune kechipiri kuedza kuwana mubayiro. Asi asati kuti yakavakwa, hapana anoziva Charles Lindbergh akapedza ake Solo ndege mhiri Atlantic Ocean, achagamuchira mubairo nokuyemura mamiriyoni evanhu.

"The American clipper"

Zvakare, kambani Sikorsky akanga achirwira ivepo. Zvadaro akaronga kuvaka mapatya-injini amphibian. Ndege zvinobatsira chaizvo uye yakavimbika, uye Sikorsky akasika neboka rengarava ndege. Pakarepo, ivo Pan American Airways akashandisa amphibians nokuda kweDzimba itsva mhepo yenzira muCentral uye South America.

Nokukurumidza Sikorski aiva zvakawanda mirairo kupfuura aigona kuzadzisa. Iye kurongwazve kambani uye akavaka fekitari idzva Stratford, Conn. Kwapera gore, kambani yakava chose vaiva chikamu "United Aircraft Corporation". Sikorsky aida kuvaka chihombe seaworthy chokufambisa ndege kuna Pan Am, waiva kuva piyona mumunda mhiri-Oceanic senga. Rakaisvonaka "American Clipper" ndiro itsva mhando ndege yechipiri, ndege wakachenjera zvakasikwa. The kukura ndege ndiyo anenge kaviri kukura dzimwe ndege panguva. Panopera 1931, pashure Mai Gerbert Guver "muchinjikwa" "Clipper", Charles Lindbergh akariita wokutanga ndege kubva Miami kuna Panama Canal.

kubhururuka chikepe ichi guru raiva akatangira munhevedzano aparata zvakafanana kuti rwakagadzirira US mhepo yenzira mhiri munyanza. Pakati akanakisisa aiva C-42, yakapedzwa muna 1934 uye ane unhu hwakaisvonaka kuti akwanise Lindbergh pazuva akaisa 8 nyika zvinyorwa nokukurumidza, chikuva uye payload! Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, Pan Am kubhururuka chikepe kushandiswa kuvhura mhepo Links pakati US uye Argentina. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, mumwe "Clipper" nendege kubva Alameda, California uye akavhura imwe mhepo nzira kuHawaii. Izvi zvakateverwa dzimwe mhepo yenzira yePacific achienda New Zealand. Muna 1937, mumwe "clipper" akaita yokutanga nguva ndege mhiri North Atlantic. Zvino mukuru ndege transatlantic Sikorsky vaiita yezvokutengeserana zvokufambisa kuburikidza vaviri huru munyanza.

Rwaifadza

Mumakore ose aya vakabudirira ndege Mugadziri Igor Sikorsky haana kumbokanganwa chido chake kuvaka inoshanda neherikoputa. Haana kumbofunga nezvazvo sezvo basa raanoziva, asi kwakanga hope, aida kuti upenyu kupfuura chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi. Muna 1939, Sikorsky pakupedzisira vakaziva chinangwa choupenyu hwake, wakati akakudziridza wokutanga neherikoputa chairo. Asi mudziyo uri zvachose itsva uye zvakaoma dambudziko zvokuti akagadzira akanga akazvipira kuna pakugadzirisa nayo. Zvakanga zvakaoma akadana kuti vose ake ungwaru, simba uye rudo kubhururuka. Asi budiriro iyi yaiva mukana wake zvakare kuva vava kuda chinetso itsva, iyo kwenguva refu ndafungira Sikorsky. The neherikoputa yaiva pachake chinangwa ndege kwemakore anopfuura matatu emakore. Zvino, muchirimo cha1939, akatanga nepurani yake, uchishandisa pfungwa vaunganidza panguva yose iyi. By September kuti chikwata akanga akagadzirira wokutanga bvunzo. The muchina akanga huru uye vaviri sikuruwa duku pakuguma tubular mugove fuselage - kukurira torque. Uyezve, akashandisa rakasiyana hurongwa kuchinja pakona rimwe rotor mashizha panguva kutenderera. Munzvimbo kusimba pfupi mwedzi mitanhatu-nguva yava kwakakurirwa rimwe intractable matambudziko avhiyesheni.

Kuchinja kuti nemagadzirirwo 1941. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich akanunura zvinyorwa rokutanga ya kutiza - 1 awa nemaminitsi 5 nemasekonzi 14. Mazuva maviri gare gare, vakapakata floats ari mumuchina aigona kutanga zvose panyika uye mvura. Saka Sikorski akaita mupiro wake zvinokosha wechitatu avhiyesheni mudzidziso hope wokumwe zvinobhururuka muchina, izvo uchashumira basa zvikuru akakwana chavanhu uye kufadza nyika mukuru wayo maneuverability mudenga. Zvakare, herikoputa richava chiyeuchidzo Munhu dzichiratidza kutenda hope huru uye kunyange zvakawanda chivimbo, izvo akabvumira kuzadzisa chinangwa.

Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, nokugadzirwa iyo akasiya kuoneka mucherechedzo munhoroondo avhiyesheni, akafa October 26, 1972.