Njodzi pamusoro peLake Constance: zvinokonzera, kuongorora, urongwa hwekufa

Makore anopfuura gumi apfuura kubva musi wekuyeuka apo vaviri vari ndege vakaungana mumatenga pamusoro peGermany - mutakuri weRussia TU-154M uye neBelgian cargo Boeing-757. Vakatambudzwa nenjodzi iyi yakaipa vaiva vanhu 71, vazhinji vavo vari vana.

Zviitiko zvinotangira ndege

Pausiku uhwo hunotyisa kubva munaJuly 1 kusvikaJuly 2, 2002, pakaitika njodzi pamusoro peLake Constance, vatasvi 67 vakanga vari muRussia TU-154 vaifambisa ndege yeBashkir Airlines, kusanganisira vana 52 nevashandi gumi nevaviri. Chikamu chikuru chakanga chakaitwa nevashandi vechikoro vane matarenda vanobva kuBashkiria avo vakatizira kuSpain kuzorora. Ikoji dzakapiwa neKomiti yeUNESCO Nhau dzeRepublic semubayiro wekudzidzira kwepamusoro pakudzidza. Uye zvirokwazvo, mune boka iri vana vose vakanga vakaita sekutora: vanyori, vanyori, vemitambo.

Sezvakazoitika gare gare, vana vechikoro vaUfa havafaniri kunge vari mudenga zvachose pausiku huno husina kunaka. Nokukanganisa chete, vanhu vakuru vaifambidzana navo, avo vakaunza boka revana veBashkir kuenda kuShemetyevo hofari yendege, panzvimbo yekuvaendesa kuna Domodedovo, vakanonoka kutizira kuBarcelona.

Kuenzanisa kwezviitiko

Munenge vose vana vaifamba vachienda kune imwe nzvimbo kune dzimwe nyika vaibva kumhuri yevabereki vakakwirira. Semuenzaniso, Leysan Gimaeva ane makore gumi nemashanu akanga ari mwanasikana wekambani wehutungamiri wehutungamiri hwehurumende yeBashkir. Dai vakanga vari vana vemhuri dzakawanda, vangangodzokera kumusha, kunyange zvazvo vakagumbuka, asi vachiri vapenyu, uye ndege inoparara pamusoro peLake Constance yakanga isati yaitika.

Asi vabereki vakakurumbira vevana vechikoro vakasarudza kutumira kuMoscow imwe yendege yaive yeBashkir Airlines, iyo yaizotanga kuitora kuSpain ne charter ndege nhamba 2937. Vashandi vengoro yacho vaitungamirirwa naAlexander Gross, avo vakanga vatiza kuBarcelona kakawanda kare uye vakaziva nzira yacho zvakanaka.

Uye ikozvino njodzi inotevera - mushure mokunge vana vakwira ndege, zvakazoitika kuti pakanga pane zvigaro zvakawanda zvisingabatsiri. Pakarepo yakasarudzwa kushandiswa matikiti aya akawedzerwa. Paiva nevanomwe chete vavo. Vane vavo vakaenda kumhuri yeShislovskys kubva kuBelrusrus, avo vainge vadzokera kune imwe ndege, uye vatatu - Svetlana Kaloyeva anobva kuNorth Ossetia, achibhururuka nevana vaviri (mwanakomana wedangwe weKostya uye Diana ane makore mana) kumurume wake Vitaly, uyo akashanda kuSpain pachibvumirano. Mushure mematambudziko pamusoro peLake Constance, kunyange mazita evanhu ava vakangoerekana vazivikanwa kwete pakarepo.

Pamberi penjodzi

Usiku ihwohwo hwaJuly, zvose mapuraneti akanga ari mudenga pamusoro peGermany, asi pasinei neizvi, kufamba kwemhepo kwepanguva iyoyo kwakatamirwa kuSwitzerland kambani Skygayde, iri muZurich. Munharaunda iyi, sekugara kwese usiku, vanhu vatatu bedzi vakaramba vachishanda: vaviri vatambi uye mubatsiri. Zvisinei, inenge isati yasati yasangana, mumwe wevanhu vari mubasa akasara kuti aputse, uye shure kwekudzivirira kure kwaiva naPeter Nielsen chete, uyo akamanikidzwa kutarisa panguva imwe chete. Apo muparidzi akacherechedza kuti ndege mbiri mumakiromita makumi mana nemazana matanhatu dzakatanga kuswedera kune mumwe, imwe nguva yakanga isati yasara pamberi pejodzi. Kuputika pamusoro peLake Constance kwakanga kusingadzivisike.

Raira Mismatch

Zvidzidzo zvema ndege zvinobhururuka kune mumwe nemumwe zvinofanira kunge zvisingabvumirwe kuyambuka. Muparidzi wacho akaedza kugadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu ndokupa murairo kuvashandi veRussia ndege kuti iwedzere. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva ino vatapi vechikwata TU-154 vakatoona mumwe mudziyo wava kusvika kwavari kubva kuruboshwe. Vakanga vakagadzirira kuita mhirizhonga yaizobvumira ndege yacho kuchengeteka.

Pakarepo mushure mekuraira kwekuparadzanisa, imwe nzira yekutsvaga yambiro yekuvhara dambudziko (TCAS) yakauya kuhupenyu mujongwe revaRussia vaifambisa ndege, avo vakazivisa kuti zvakakosha kuti vawane nokukurumidza kure. Panguva imwe chete yakapinda mu "Boeing" yakagamuchirwa murairo mumwechete kubva kune imwecheteyo, asi yekuderera. Mutyairi wechipiri wengoro yeTU-154 akatarisa vamwe vevashandi pakusanzwisisana pakati pematercher nemirairo yeTCAS, asi akaudzwa kuti vaizoita chirongwa chakapiwa kubva pasi. Ndicho chikonzero hapana munhu akasimbisa mutemo wakagamuchirwa kubva ku dispatcher, kunyange zvazvo ngarava yakatanga kuderera. Mushure memaminitsi mashomanana chete boka rinobva pasi rakadzokorora. Panguva ino yakakurumidza kusimbiswa.

Kukanganisa kwakafa

Sezvo kuongororwa kucharatidza gare gare, kupesana pamusoro peLake Constance kwakaitika nekuda kwemurairo usina kutumirwa wakaiswa, wakanzwa kubva mumuromo we Skygate dispatcher Peter Nielsen. Nokukanganisa, akaudza vashandi vehurumende yeRussia ruzivo rwakashata pamusoro peimwe shandi, iyo inonzi ndeyokurudyi kwavo.

Nokudaro, kududzirwa kwedhesi yemabhokisi madema kwakaratidza kuti vatyairi vengoro vakatsauswa nemashoko akadaro uye, sezviri pachena, vakasarudza kuti shure kwekubhururuka imwe ndege, iyo iyo TCAS yeimwe nzira isina kuwana. Zvinoramba zvisingazivikanwi kuti nei mumwe wevatyairi vengarava asina ruzivo nezvekupesana uku mumirairo ye dispatcher iri pabasa.

Njodzi pamusoro peLake Constance

Panguva imwe chete neyaRussia ndege, yeBoinging-757, vashandi vayo vakaita chirongwa cheTCAS, uye vakaderera. Pamusoro pekufambisa kwakadaro vakakurumidza kuzivisa pasi, asi muparidzi Peter Nielsen haana kumunzwa, nokuti imwe chikepe yakauya pane dzimwe nguva.

Mumazuva ekupedzisira vasati vasangana nenjodzi, vashandi vose vakakwanisa kudzivirira kuwirirana kwakaipisisa sezvakanakisisa zvavaikwanisika, kutendeura maitiro kusvika kumigumo, asi, sezvinozivikanwa, zvose zvakaedza zvakanga zvisina maturo. Ndege yeTu-154M yakabatana neBoinging 757 pedyo nechepamusoro. Ndege yekambani yekutakura DHL, ine stabilizer yakananga, yakabata simba guru kune fuselage yemhepo yeRussia, ichiita kuti iparadzwe mumhepo. Kuputika kwayo kwakawira munharaunda yeGermany guta reUberlingen, pedyo neLake Constance (nyika yeBaden-Württemberg). Boeing, zvakare, yakarashika yakagadzika uye yakarasika, yakagumburwa. Dambudziko rinotyisa riri pamusoro peLake Constance rakatora hupenyu hwevashandi vezvikwata zvose zviri zviviri uye vatasvi vese vanobhururuka vachienda kuTu-154.

Kuongorora kwezvakaitika

Maererano nemigumisiro yekuputsika, kuongorora kwakaitwa, iyo yakaitwa nehurukuro yakagadzirwa kuGermany Federal Office (BFU). Mhedziso yake yakabudiswa makore maviri gare gare. Mushumo weKomisheni wakaratidza zvikonzero zviviri zvekupesana:

1. Mutungamiri wekutengesa ndege haana kukwanisa kuparadzanisa zvakakodzera pakati pemapirogiramu maviri nenguva. Kupera kwekudzidziswa kwakapiwa kune vafambisi vezvikepe zveTu-154 vashandi munguva pfupi.
2. Vashandi vehurumende yeRussia vakaramba vachiderera, pasinei nekutumirwa kweTCAS kuti vawane nzvimbo.

Expert conclusions

Nhoroondo yacho yakataurawo zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa nevakuru vepakati peZurich uye ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Saka, varidzi veSwitzerland kambani Skyguide kwemakore akawanda vakabvumira mutemo wakadai webasa revatariri vemagetsi emhepo, umo munhu mumwe bedzi aigona kudzora mhepo yemhepo, apo mumwe wake aizorora panguva iyoyo. Kuparara kwemhepo pamusoro peLake Constance (2002) kwakajekesa kuti vakawanda vashandi vakanga vasina kukwana. Mukuwedzera, iyo midziyo, iyo yaifungidzirwa kuti inokurudzira mutamberi pamusoro pekukwanisa kubatana kwevane ndege, yakabviswa usiku ihwohwo nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwekambani.

Kana ari mafoni, ivowo havana kushanda. Ndicho chikonzero chekuti Peter Nielsen akanga asingakwanisi kusvika kunhandare ye ndege kuFriedrichshafen (taundi duku riri nechekuchamhembe kweLake Constance) panguva yakakodzera kuitira kuti vatauriri vatungamiri vauye ikoko vatungamiri vendege iri kuuya nekunonoka, mushure mokunge vaSwitzerland vakatarisa wechipiri . Mukuwedzera, nekuda kwekushaiwa kwekufona kwefoni, vashandi vehurumende muKarlsruhe, avo vainge vaona kuwedzerwa kwakaipisisa mumhepo kare kare, havana kukwanisa kuchenesa Nielsen nezvekuparadzwa kwaizoitika.

Uyezve, iyo iyo iyo yakaongorora kuwirirana pamusoro peLake Constance yakataura kuti magwaro eIACA anotonga kushandiswa kweTCAS uye vashandi veTu-154 vakanga vasina kukwana uye havana kukwana. Ichokwadi ndechekuti, kune rumwe rutivi, murayiridzo wehurongwa hwaive wakarambidzwa zvakasimba pakuita maitiro asina kufanana neTCAS anokurudzira, uye kune rumwe rutivi rwaifungidzirwa rubatsiro, nokudaro kuumba pfungwa yokuti mitemo ye dispatcher ndiyo inokosha. Kubvira iri unogona kutora mhedziso yakarurama chete: dai yakanga isiri yezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvikanganiso zvinouraya, ipapo ndege inoparara pamusoro peLake Constance (2002) ingadai isingakwanisi.

Mhinduro

Nekuwa kwe ndege ndege iyi haina kuguma. Vakasurukirwa hama vakaviga vana vavo, uye dzimwe mhuri mushure mokunge ichinge yaputsika, isingagoni kurwisana nemarwadzo akadaro. Vanhu vazhinji vakatora pamwe navo njodzi pamusoro peLake Constance. Nhamba yevakashungurudzwa pakutanga yaiva nemazita evanhu vakuru nevana makumi mashanu nevashanu. Asi musi waFebruary 24, 2004 rimwe zita rakawedzerwa kwariri - Peter Nielsen, uyo mutungamiriri we Skyguide, uyo akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvakakonzera dambudziko guru rakadaro. Akaurayiwa naVitaly Kaloev, uyo mudzimai wake nevana vakanga vari kubhururuka pamusoro pechikepe chakanga chisingatauri Nha. 2937. Kutongwa kwacho kwakapera anenge gore. Pakupera kwaOctober 2005 Kaloyeva akawanikwa ane mhosva yekuponda uye akatongerwa makore 8 mujeri. Zvichipa mamiriro ezvakaitika uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emupomeri, dare rakaderedza izwi kusvika kumakore mashanu nemwedzi mitatu.

Pedyo neguta reGermany reUberlingen, munzvimbo yeLake Constance, chivako chisina kujairika, chiyeuchidzo chedambudziko rinopfuura makore gumi apfuura, rinotangwa. Inogadzirwa nenzira yemutsara wakabvamburwa, uyo maparera akaramba achifamba munzira yose yekudengenyeka kwemafuro evanhu vaviri.