New nesayenzi matongo! The Universe!

cognition

Kwakabva zvinhu zvose uye nyika.

1. Kutanga Universe

The muenzaniso wezvinhu zvose yokutanga yakanga inovakwa Einstein muna 1917. Musiki vakawanda relativity pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvakasikwa anofanira wakaiswa, hazvifaniri kuendeswa ichishanduka. Naizvozvo, akarongeka muenzaniso Einstein rinorondedzera kunofambira mberi zvakasikwa, uye, sezvinoratidzwa muchadenga zvaanorumbidza, zvakanga yakakanganiswa.

Kwete zvakasikwa mira hunonzi vakafanotaura AA Freedman. basa Friedman charatidza kuti zvinhu zvakasikwa anofanira ichishanduka pamusoro nguva uye, naizvozvo, kare, matenga aifanira kuva chete refu arambe achirema uye kumanikidzwa. Saka, tinofanira here chikonzero aigona kufurira superdense nyaya vanotanga richikura. Yakanga yokungotaura kubvuma ane kuputika muchadenga.

Muna 1929. American zvomuchadenga E. Hubble, mugumisiro muchadenga zvaanorumbidza, akasimbisa chokwadi kuwedzera zvakasikwa, izvo akasimbisa yakarurama pamusoro mhedziso pakati Friedman.

Pakupera 1940. yefizikisi - theorist George Gamow hypothesized kupisa zvakasikwa, uchifungidzira kuti "Big Bang", iro akagamuchira zvino mukuru kuzivikanwa.

Dzidziso "Big Bang" rinotsanangura nezvedzinza chii kuchinja zvakaitika zvakasikwa kubvira pakutanga kwayo, asi havagoni kutsanangura kuti zvose zvakatanga, zvakanga pakutanga, uye kuti yakanga iri pamberi pakutanga, kureva, pamberi "Big Bang". Uyewo handina kukwanisa kupindura mibvunzo kuti tizive matangiro wezvose.

Kupi mashoko nokuda "Big Bang" uye kuti (sezvo nyaya) vapa fuma?

Kana chadenga chiri kukura, zvino ndipo anowedzera?

Sei, kana chadenga chiri kukura (zvinenge kumhanya chiedza), kuti arambe achirema kwenyaya anoramba achitsungirira?

Nei zvakadaro homogeneous uye isotropic zvakasikwa?

Kana mhaka wezvose aiva "Bang guru" kuti akaita "Bang guru"?

Sezvatinoona, dzidziso "Big Bang" sezvo dzidziso yokuberekwa zvakasikwa, unoisa yakawanda zvisingagadziriswi nyaya.

Nechekare, akataura chokwadi nezvomukana nezvekwakabva zvakasikwa somugumisiro we "Big Bang", kureva kuti ichi ndicho chete yokungotaura kubvuma. Uye paunofunga kuti dzidziso "Big Bang" akasagona mhinduro pamusoro mibvunzo sezvairi, izvo kuona kwakabva zvinhu zvose, tinogona zvachose Taurai kuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zviri "Big Bang" hazvikwanisi kuitika.

Asi kana "Big Bang" akanga asiri mhaka zvakasikwa, uye zvose zviri zvechokwadi, chii chaiva chikonzero matangiro zvose?

Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu unotipa astrophysical uye mumuviri nesayenzi panguva ino padariro ayo kukura vane akaremerwa mitemo uye mitemo.

Paakabvunzwa kuti zvakasikwa pakutanga chaipo, kureva "Huru Bang", asati anopindura mutemo kwose kuchengetedza nyaya, iyo inoti: "Basa hamugoni kuuya kubva hapana uye haagoni inonyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa, chete rinogona kufamba kubva chimiro chimwe kana mamiriro chimwe chimiro kana ezvinhu. Basa uncreatable uye haufi, zviri nokusingaperi uye hakugumi. "

Saka, asati "Big Bang" zvakasikwa paiva yacho. The mubvunzo pakarepo unomuka, rudzii zvokunyama uye chii ezvinhu izvozvo ingavapo?

On mubvunzo wokutanga iri inopindurwa wefizikisi kuti zvokutanga inoramba.

Zvakasikwa, sezvo netsvakurudzo kuti pane chete vaviri zvachose kugadzikana, nokusingaperi uye haufi, pamwe pakatarisana mhosva uye vamwe vazhinji zvokutanga nezvimedu anonzi - maerekitironi uye positrons. The nezvimedu dzasara kana constituent (zvose hwepurotoni, Nyuturoni etc.), Kana pasina (kune aivapo pfungwa) zororo guru (photon, neutrinos uye vamwe.) Kana pfupi pfupi (zvakadai muons, mesons unto.).

Saka, asati "Bang guru" iri muchadenga imomo nyaya zvinosanganisira chepuraimari pakatarisana madzoro - maerekitironi uye positrons, i.e. chete kubva panyaya chisingazivi simuka kubva chinhu uye asingauyi kutsakatika zvachose, uye anopfuura kubva chimiro chimwe kana mamiriro chimwe chimiro kana ezvinhu, kuramba husingaperi uye haufi. nyaya iyi zvakasikwa, uye vari kugadzikana zvachose - maerekitironi uye positrons.

Zvazvinosarira kupindura mubvunzo: "? In chii ezvinhu ingavapo mhosva"

Sezvatinoziva, yemagetsi mhosva (via simba mutsetse) anosangana mumwe, apo mune kugara zvitange. Nokudaro, Nature aifanira kupa mamiriro pasi izvo wakaramba zvakakwana ndisipo kufamba uye kudyidzana dzemagetsi madzoro - maerekitironi uye positrons. Nature akapa, uye wethermodynamics yakadaro mamiriro kunosimbiswa Kutanga kudziya mhedziso razero, kureva, kwakadaro tembiricha mamiriro ayo akasarudza nezvokuvapo nyaya (mutariri) zvakasikwa.

Apo tinoona nyaya zvinosanganisira zvepakutanga pakatarisana mhosva, zvose zvakanga zviri ezvinhu mhedziso zororo, i.e. pasina kufamba uye kudyidzana.
To muchidimbu uye mhinduro wokuti: "Chii zvakasikwa pakutanga chaipo, kureva kune "Big Bang"?

Saka, pakutanga chaipo wezvose agara aripo nyaya, rine dissimilar nemagetsi madzoro - maerekitironi uye positrons, izvo (ari Mhedziso razero) pasina kufamba uye kudyidzana. Zvose apo nyaya "mumapepa" saka kuti mitsetse simba pakati mhosva hakuna vakasununguka nzvimbo, panoita zvachose pasina inofamba uye nekuita, saka, hapana nguva iya chiitiko, yakadai muchadenga zvakasikwa yokuzorora kana kutanga wezvose. In zvakasikwa zvakadaro nyaya zvinosanganisira dissimilar mhosva aripo, saka kutaura, ndiyo nguva uye nzvimbo.

simba> II. PARTICIPLE inotungamirwa uye kutanga kuzvarwa ano zvakasikwa.

Danho rokutanga.

Kutanga zvakasikwa zvive ari wakaderera nokusingaperi, kana paine nyonganyonga zvayo zvakatipoteredza, somuenzaniso muchimiro arambe achirema nokufamba, microvibrations kumanikidzwa kana tembiricha uye zvichingodaro. Kana perturbation, "akararamazve" simba mutsetse mhosva achaita ngetani maitiro nesungano pakati maerekitironi uye positrons kuti vatungamirire yokuwadzana yavo (sezvo pakatarisana mhosva) uye paumbwe PARTICIPLE wezvose rokutanga - the photon.

In yezwi kwenyaya kubva ezvinhu rokuzorora ezvinhu inofamba iri zvachose kutevedzerwa mutemo kuchengetedza the World, ndiko, chaiva zvakadini mune imwe mamiriro (mamiriro zororo zvose), uye saka nyaya hwakatamisirwa imwe hurumende (mamiriro inofamba).

Zvino tinogona kupindura mibvunzo avo, izvo kuona nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose: ". Chii chaiva kutanga kuzvarwa kuitika zvakasikwa uye apo chadenga chiri kukura"

Pakutanga kubatana (batanidzo) pakatarisana mhosva zvakasikwa zororo rokutanga PARTICIPLE pakati - a photon uye kwaiva kutanga kuzvarwa kuitika richikura muchadenga.

To wokuti: "Ruripiko kuwedzera vane muchadenga?". Mhinduro iri chete: "The zvakasikwa ano iri kuwedzera nokuda kuchinja nyaya kubva ezvinhu rokuzorora ezvinhu inofamba wayo, kureva, chadenga chiri kukura tichiregeredza zororo, kana, saka kutaura, zvakasikwa yorugare. "

Izvi kwakabva zvinhu zvose ariko uye zvakasikwa.

Achitarira mberi, isu kupindura mubvunzo: "Chii chaiva chikonzero kwakabva yepasi pose microwave kumashure (remagetsi) nemwaranzi?"

Nechekumashure nemwaranzi anowanzovimbwa chokuita yezwi kwenyaya (mhosva) kubva imwe zvakanyatsoenzana ehurumende (zvakanyatsoenzana ezvinhu zororo zvakasikwa) kupinda mumwe zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro (zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro kuwedzera muchadenga), achiperekedzwa kuwedzera (kubva Mhedziso razero) tembiricha.

The zvakanyatsoenzana wehurumende (pakuzvarwa kuwedzera muchadenga) rinowanika, zvichida panguva ~ 3K kwakakwana razero uye Rinoteverwa KUDA kuita pamusoro zvichiguma photon remagetsi kwezvakatipoteredza, i.e., panyaya yakanga achichinjwa ehurumende chimwe chimiro. Izvi zvairatidza muchimiro remagetsi nemafungu (iro rine zvimwe urefu uye kakawanda novimba tembiricha) tichengete sezvo relict zvakanyatsoenzana nemwaranzi.

Zvinonzi kuzivikanwa kuti CMB zvinoshamisa homogeneous uye isotropic - totaura kwatiri zvakaenzana kwose kwose.
Sei?

mubvunzo uyu akapindura nokuda kwacho yokuberekwa ane richikura muchadenga.

Sezvo kuchinja kubva zvakanyatsoenzana ezvinhu nyaya zvakasikwa kuzorora ari zvakanyatsoenzana ezvinhu kuwedzera muchadenga kunoitika pamwe kumuganhu kuitwa "ballooning" zviri bhora chete ezvinhu, ukuwo, vachava homogeneous uye isotropic nemwaranzi pacharo, iro nguva dzose uye noruvara anozadza rakawedzera muchadenga. Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti yepasi pose microwave kumashure nemwaranzi - ndiro zvakanyatsoenzana nemwaranzi chokuita nokuberekwa zvakasikwa.

Zvino funga mubvunzo sei chero gaseous nyaya (pasi dzakafanana ezvinhu) zvienzane Mavhoriyamu ane imwe nhamba STRUCTURAL okunze, kana iri "duku" Erekitironi, atomu kana "guru" Morekuru. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, Tinotsanangura bhuku zvakakodzera paminiti imwe STRUCTURAL chinhu pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, 1m3 unonyatsoruramisa uwandu nezvimedu zviri mukati: V = 1m3 / 1025 = 2.686754 · 37,22 · 10-27m3. Kuziva pachako inzwi rako paminiti imwe STRUCTURAL maatomu akafanana, rinotsanangura nharaunda yacho zvoupenyu chiito kwesimba mitsetse: R = 2,072 · 10-9 M.

Naizvozvo, rimwe STRUCTURAL maatomu akafanana, kana iri "diki" kana Erekitironi "guru" morekuru zvakafanana vayo kana, saka kutaura, "chaiyo" nzvimbo, zvakaenzana 37,22 · 10-27 m3 pamwe nharaunda yacho nzvimbo R = 2 X 10-9 M.

Izvi zvingaitwa kunzwisiswa?

All STRUCTURAL zvinhu akaumbwa imwe neerekitironi mitsetse simba nekuita wakakomberedza musimboti. Nharaunda pamusoro zvoupenyu simba mitsetse yekudyidzana (kubudikidza akawanda mirairo kwakakura) hombe kukura tsanga, kureva, asi tsanga anogona kunzi pfungwa pakati nokure. Ichi chinhu STRUCTURAL iri pakutsvaga nharaunda yose nzvimbo saizi munda mitsetse, izvo tsika Ndizvo yose gasi nezvimedu ndiyo 2 X 10-9 M ~. Ndicho chikonzero, mune cubic mita nzvimbo ine chete nhamba STRUCTURAL okunze, kana iri "diki" kana Erekitironi "guru" Morekuru.

Zvino tinoziva kuti zvose gasi zvinhu kazhinji vane bhuku 37,22 · 10-27 m3 uye nharaunda yacho nzvimbo wakaenzana ~ 2 · 10-9 M; uyewo maatomu - risingamboshandisi PARTICIPLE zvinhu muchiva arambe achirema sezvo nefuma pacharo, ipapo, achiziva arambe achirema kwenyaya (ukoshi chinogona kuwanikwa chero bhuku iri wefizikisi) uye pakuverenga mukanyiwa pamusoro atomu, zvinokwanisika, achishandisa nzira arambe achirema ρ = m / V ngaaverenge vhoriyamu uye nharaunda neimwe atomu.

Saka, rehydrogen H2 arambe achirema pamusoro 0.0899 makirogiramu / m3, mukanyiwa rehydrogen maatomu maviri that m = 2mp + 2me = 3.347 · 10-27kg, ipapo V = m / ρ = 37,23 · 10-27m3 uye R = 2.071 · 10 -9m. Okisijeni: O2 arambe achirema = 1,428 makirogiramu / m 3, m = 53,5744 · 10-27kg, ipapo V = 37,55 · 10-27m3 uye R = 2,077 · 10-9 M.

Sezvaungaona kuti vose gasi nefuma pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu anonge rinenge zvakaenzana uye anoita zvakafanana nharaunda. The mhedziso Atomu makemikari Kufananidzira riri gaseous ezvinhu (pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu), inofanira kuva bhuku ~ 37 · 10-27m3 uye nharaunda yacho nzvimbo, akaenzana 2 · 10-9 M ~. Vhoriyamu kwakadaro uye nharaunda dzose inert magasi, chii chinogona kuita mumwe Masvomhu kuita zvakakodzera.

Hazvina musoro kufunga kuti bhuku atomu kuti yekudyidzana maduku nokuda mvura zvinhu. Kupfuura gasi, i.e., Nyaya simba mitsetse atomu mukukurukurirana vanofanira kuva bhuku duku uye nokudaro wakakwirira arambe achirema.

Tinotsanangura vhoriyamu uye nharaunda yacho maatomu (mamorekuru) mvura zvinhu, bromine, nemekiyuri uye mvura.

Bromine Br2: ρ = 3100 makirogiramu / m 3, m = 133,94 · 10-27kg, ipapo V = m / ρ = 0,0432 · 10-27m3 uye R = 0,2177 · 10-9 M ..

Mercury HG: ρ = 13.500 makirogiramu / m 3, m = 336.544 · 10-27 makirogiramu, ipapo V = 0,0249 · 10-27m3 uye R = 0,1812 · 10-9 M.

Water H20: ρ = 1000 makirogiramu / m 3, m = 30,1343 · 10-27 makirogiramu, ipapo V = 0,03013 · 10-27 m3 uye R = 0,1931 · 10-9 M.

Sezvatinoona, Vhoriyamu emura fuma uye nharaunda zviri chiduku pane kuti munhu gaseous fuma. In nemvura fuma yacho munda mitsara iri atomu (Morekuru) "compressed" nemarudzi Urume "wevasungwa", i.e. kune mukuru arambe achirema.

Zvino funga chii zvichaita STRUCTURAL zvinhu gasi kwemarudzi pasi ezvinhu akasiyana dzose i.e. kubva 101325 Pa = PN uye TN = 273,16 K.

Pasi mitemo wethermodynamics negasi-c anogona kushandisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga VH = V · F · TS / T · Fh kuronda shanduko chitsama STRUCTURAL nhengo, zvichienderana tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa.

Masvomhu anoratidza kuti muwanze tembiricha chitsama STRUCTURAL chinhu rwuchiwanzwa, uye shoma kudzikira tembiricha. Kana kumanikidzwa - vhoriyamu STRUCTURAL eremendi kunodzikira uye inowedzera ane kuderera, zvakadai somunhu stratospheric chibharuma Kukurira stratosphere.

Inobva kumusoro, maererano gasi mitemo wethermodynamics, panofanira kuva mutemo zvakasikwa: "Basa iri muchadenga hahugoni kuvapo pasina nzvimbo, sezvo nzvimbo haagoni kuvapo pasina nyaya. Nyaya uye nzvimbo tiri mumwe. "

Chitarisa akafanana kwakaguma paumbwe zvikuru zvacho. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, paumbwe okutanga nezvimedu - photons waiva mugumisiro necheni maitiro nokuwadzana (kwetunhu) pakatarisana mhosva kwokutanga zvakasikwa zviri - maerekitironi uye positrons. The nzvimbo yakazadzwa ane kuwedzera zvose photons ambient tembiricha, zvichiguma kwetunhu muripo yamuka kuti ~ 1010K

tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro photon.

Kuziva kuti mumwe nhuta upi gasi, kusanganisira photonic gasi (svikiro), anopindura chete vhoriyamu wakaenzana 0,02241383m3 / mol uye unotora 6,0221367 × 1023 STRUCTURAL zvinhu ndeakaita vhoriyamu inogarwa rimwe photon.

Vγ = 0.02241383 / 1023 = 6.0221367 · 37,22 · 10-27m3 bhora ne nharaunda R = 2 X 10-9 M.

photon uremu kuenzana mukanyiwa mbiri Erekitironi chete mγ = 2 · achati = 6,073 · 10-31kg. Photon mitsetse ane remagetsi kudyidzana.

Kuziva vhoriyamu maigara photon uye pakurema kwayo, kusarudza arambe achirema pakati photonic kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinodiwa pazvakaringana rakawedzera wezvose.
ργ = m / v = 6.073 · 10-31 / 37,22 · 10-27 = 1,63 · 10-5kg / m3.
Izvi nguva zviuru makumi masere vakareruka kupfuura mhepo Zvakatipoteredza.
The photon arambe achirema pamusoro svikiro inogona dzaona uye arambe achirema rehydrogen, achiziva kuti Purotoni ndiyo 1836 nguva zvairema kupfuura maerekitironi iri triplet kana 5508 nguva mukanyiwa rimwe chete Erekitironi e, zvino

ργ = ρH2 / 5508 = 0,0899 / 5508 = 1,63 = · 10-5 makirogiramu / m3.

photon inotungamirwa unoratidzwa Scheme 1. (matunhu All conventionally kuumbwa).

zano 1

http://s014.radikal.ru/i329/1207/51/c47cf9c5c46d.png

Munguva nokuumbwa photons, tembiricha unomutswa, uye pooling chakaitika maviri yegwara maerekitironi uye positrons kuti chimiro neutrino.

Neutrino - mumwe PARTICIPLE ane zvakazara namahwindo mitsetse munda kudyidzana ane kwazvakarerekera mutariri uye vakawanda akaenzana maerekitironi mana chete.
neutrino inotungamirwa kuratidzwa Scheme 2.

zano 2

  http://s44.radikal.ru/i104/1207/3f/ba837a73da7d.png

Mimwe kuwedzera tembiricha kuti munenge 1011 K, zvinhu kuti paumbwe nyaya wakatarisana mhosva, kurema nezvimedu vanoumba ari Erekitironi uye positron vatatu.

Electronic triplet - a PARTICIPLE, inoumbwa Kusanganisa (kubatanidzwa nomumwe) mbiri Erekitironi positron, izvo mitsetse simba (kunaka) yemagetsi (+ 1-1-1) = - 1, uye rinobva kudyidzana pamwe gobvu kuenzana navatatu kuroora maerekitironi (m = 9 , 1093897 · 10-31kg). Kureva zvemagetsi triplet chiratidzo e-Δ. E triplet inotungamirwa kunoratidzwa Scheme 3.

zano 3

   http://s51.radikal.ru/i132/1207/fb/ed79c230a07b.png

Positron T - a PARTICIPLE inoumbwa Kusanganisa (kubatanidzwa nomumwe) of positron vaviri maerekitironi une simba mutsetse (zvakanaka) yemagetsi (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1 uye rinobva kudyidzana aine gobvu akaenzana guru electronic triplet.

Positron triplet runotaurwa E + Δ.

Education positron triplet kuratidzwa Scheme 4.

zano 4  

http://s014.radikal.ru/i327/1207/3c/f3bb0d0dc924.png

Erekitironi uye positron vakaumba vatatu (nokuti kupfupika kwacho) iri chaizvo duku pane photon vanenge 105 nezvimedu por cubic mita rimwe nzvimbo.

Maerekitironi uye positrons vatatu akapedza danho rokuumba chikuru nezvimedu pakatarisana madzoro vasara wezvose wokutanga.

Danho rechipiri.

Maerekitironi uye positrons vatatu sezvo nezvimedu ane wakatarisana mhosva, mauto "simba" yemagetsi kusakarongeka aumba kwazvakarerekera triplet zviumbu kuratidzwa Scheme 5.
We kureva kwazvakarerekera triplet linked chiratidzo E ° Δ

zano 5
http://s010.radikal.ru/i311/1207/43/810215f1b493.png

Paumbwe Erekitironi-positron triplet zviumbu (ari kwetunhu maitiro) rinoitwa panguva tembiricha vanenge 1012 K, izvo akasika zvinhu nokuda paumbwe simba "simba" rinobva mukukurukurirana (zvinobatanidza neutrinos sezvo bhainda nezvimedu) triplet neutrino cheni kuratidzwa Scheme 6.

zano 6

http://s019.radikal.ru/i638/1207/34/04c0ec000233.png

Chokwadi chokuti neutrino anosunga, kubvisa sembura simba, zvacho zvinogona (kusvika pamwero) kuti kuronda muenzaniso zvinotevera: kana pakati chete matanda magineti wakaiswa kwazvakarerekera (kufanana neutrinos) havasi magnetized ndiro simbi, zvakasiyana mhosva (uyewo zita iroro) danda magineti zvichabviswa nokukwezvwa.

Sezvo mubatanidzwa triplet mhosva zviri vamapoka Rwako ari remagetsi photon svikiro kuti aumbe triplet neutrino cheni iyo, kutamira ari remagineti pamusoro svikiro kuti spirally-tenderera majana "monyorora" (rukoko kubudikidza rukoko) ari spherically-idenderedzwa tudonhwe zvakafanana zononoka uye bhora mapoka enyeredzi .

Pakarepo zvinomutsa mubvunzo: "? Mumwe PARTICIPLE" "To chii kukura uye uremu vachaita" kura

Sezvo "kukura" pakati nezvimedu, sezvatinoona, kunoitika panguva tembiricha yakakwirira, uye nokudaro, kuwedzera pakukurumidza kufamba, nokuti zvose PARTICIPLE pane tembiricha chikumbaridzo yake yokuberekwa uye inotungamirwa.

Nokudaro, zvacho zvichiitika kubva triplet mutariri vapedze kukura kwavo uye kuwedzera uremu Paaizosvika yavo yokupedzisira nokukurumidza yakaenzana kumhanya chiedza, uye saka kunonyanyisa tembiricha pachikumbaridzo yakaenzana anenge 1013 K.

Izvi kwokupedzisira PARTICIPLE vachatitaka neutrons.

Nyuturoni Education (hwepurotoni) hazvo, pamwero wakati tichienzanisa inotungamirwa DNA molecules (RNA) kwemaatomu kwemakemikari zvinhu. Nyuturoni, sezvatinoona, aumbwa kubva kutanga tudonhwe peshoko - the Erekitironi uye positron vatatu ndinoiitawo neutrinos, takabatana muna "Morekuru" Nyuturoni.

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinganzi akafunga kuti zvose hakuna mumwe akaumba kwokutanga PARTICIPLE - vakawanda simba simba chiito uye tembiricha iyo yaizova mukuru kupfuura nokuumba Nyuturoni. All zvakawanda - kana Sangano inoramba kana iri "zvimedu" rokuparadzwa kwavo, kana particulate nyaya, zvinosanganisira kwemaatomu kwemakemikari zvinhu.

Chokwadi chokuti Nyuturoni ari PARTICIPLE zvinosanganisira ane Erekitironi-positron triplet mhosva uye neutrinos akasimbisa Nyuturoni kuchaita hwepurotoni kuora. Ngationei kuti chirongwa kuora of Nyuturoni.

Chokutanga, ngatirambei vanoyeuka kuti kwokupedzisira kubatana triplet neutrino Nyuturoni ngetani vari kwavakarerekera nezvimedu E ° Δ (cm. Scheme 5), neutrinos uye sezvinoratidzwa mazano 6 ne7.

zano 7

http://s08.radikal.ru/i181/1207/ba/05ba150d3865.png

Scheme 7 inoratidza kwokupedzisira ose triplet neutrino Nyuturoni cheni (kusvikira ayo manyowa). 1- triplet neutrino akaturikidzana; 2- kwazvakarerekera triplet zviumbu - E ° Δ; 3-bhainda neutrino - υ;

uye, - zvimiso mutsetse "simba" zvemagetsi kubatana Erekitironi uye positron vatatu mune zvematongerwo enyika cheni yacho.

Nyuturoni decays kune hwepurotoni ari kudhumhana pamwe akapoteredza tudonhwe svikiro, e t, uye neutrinos
N → P + e-Δ + υ, sezvaratidzwa schematically muna Scheme 8.

zano 8

http://i069.radikal.ru/1207/d9/7206eb5d64b5.png

Scheme 8 inoratidza kuora ari Nyuturoni.

1 - akaumba hwepurotoni P 2 - t E e, Zvaparara kwazvakarerekera nzvimbo; 3 - bhainda neutrino υ; uye - yokufungidzira mutsetse "simba" zvemagetsi kubatana Erekitironi uye positron triplet vari kubatana.

Sezvaunogona kuona, chasara kubatana - positron triplet uye anosarudza zvakanaka mutariri Purotoni. Zvino kuronda Purotoni kuora.

Achifuridzirwa mukuru simba inoramba iri Purotoni, Purotoni decays mugomba Nyuturoni n1, triplet positron E + Δ uye neutrino v.

P → n1 + E + Δ + υ, sezvo schematically chinoenzanisirwa Scheme 9.

Figure 9

http://s50.radikal.ru/i130/1207/27/d66b958d56c3.png

Scheme 9 inoratidza Purotoni kuora.
1 - positron t E + Δ; 2 - neutrino υ; 3 - triplet neutrino akaturikidzana; 4 - Nyuturoni, akasarudzwa sechiratidzo n1 ari Nyuturoni zviri nyore ari kurema kwakajairika triplet uye neutrinos, uye neutrinos accession, chete kurema triplet.

Maatomu ari kuchinja hwepurotoni kupinda Nyuturoni chete kuwedzera zvigadzirwa triplet uye neutrinos.

Zvino tinogona zvechokwadi kuti pakazvarwa wezvose aripo nhatu akatsiga nezvimedu chikuru zvakasikwa: iri photon, Nyuturoni uye neutrino. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kare 1940. G.Gamov yefizikisi kushanda cosmological dzidziso "Big Bang" zvinofungirwa kuti zvakasikwa pakutanga chaipo aifanira kuva chinhu asi neutrons kuti zvinobva pokuwa, vaifanira kurichinja protons, maerekitironi uye antineutrinos.

Kuziva vazhinji pafuma, bhuku pazvakaringana zvakasikwa uye Nyuturoni gobvu, tinogona kuona nhamba neutrons kuumbwa, inova ~ 102 STRUCTURAL nhengo pa cubic meter, ndiyo 1020 nguva shoma pane akanga aumba photons. Kurema zvichizoita neutrons iri (zvikurukuru) mukanyiwa kwenyaya zvose yakaenzana 1052..1053 ~ makirogiramu (mapoka enyeredzi, nyeredzi, mapuraneti, uye vamwe.).

Izvi inotsanangura uwandu neutrons uye kuti kufadza tembiricha ndinosika Nyuturoni 1013 K, tembiricha wezvose svikiro yakaramba zvinenge zvakafanana mune paumbwe imwe photon 1010 K.

Zvino tinoziva kuti pakutanga paiva paumbwe imwe Nyuturoni.

Nucleation vakatanga Nyuturoni kuwadzana Erekitironi uye positron vatatu mauto "simba" yemagetsi kusakarongeka mune zvematongerwo triplet dzakabatana (ona. Figure 6). (Pano, kuti "simba" zvemagetsi kusakarongeka rinofananidzwa ne "simba" rinobva kudyidzana). Zvadaro, triplet dzakabatana simba "simba" rinobva kusakarongeka (pamwe bhainda neutrino), zvakabatana triplet neutrino cheni izvo (ari remagetsi ezvinhu zvakasikwa) uye Nyuturoni kuumbwa (ona. Scheme 7).

The zvichiguma neutrons (photon ari muchadenga ezvinhu ari kudziya 1010 K) iri pachena kuti zvakakwana nesimba photon inoramba. Energy simba chiito photonic nezvimedu (pane imwe tembiricha rakapiwa) akanga zvakakwana kurova Erekitironi-positron kubatana Nyuturoni, mauto akabatana "simba" zvemagetsi kusakarongeka kuti chinoumba migove kuumbika protons uye kubhururuka "zvimedu" - yemagetsi triplet uye neutrinos, sezvinoratidzwa zano 8.

Sezvo tembiricha ambient anosiya svikiro simba photons simba chiito anova kukwana kumedura kupinda kwayo chinoumba kumativi Nyuturoni uye Nyuturoni kutendeuka kwacho hwepurotoni rinoguma.

Chokwadi chokuti Nyuturoni zviumbu aumba kubva triplet neutrino cheni kunosimbiswa unobva kuenzana uye Nyuturoni gobvu ane guru kuputswa zvikamu, i.e. Nyuturoni uremu akaenzana vazhinji kuputswa nezvimedu - hwepurotoni triplet Erekitironi uye neutrino.

M (n) = M (p) + M (e-Δ) + M (υ), apo
M (e-Δ) - guru pakati Erekitironi triplet (ona nhamba 3.), izvo zvakaenzana mukanyiwa nhatu chete Erekitironi;
M (υ) - neutrino guru (ona mufananidzo 2.) wakaenzana kurema maerekitironi mana chete, asi MN = 1,6727 · 10-27 + 0,00213 · 10-27, iri kushanda akaenzana Nyuturoni gobvu (mukati kururama metering).

Ngationei zvinozoitika, kana Nyuturoni kuora?

Neutrinos, somunhu kwazvakarerekera PARTICIPLE iri airatidza muchadenga. Electronic triplet sezvo ane electrically mhosva PARTICIPLE pasi pokudzora remagetsi ehondo hwepurotoni, richachinja trajectory dzaro raundi uye zvayaitenderera paguyo dzakapoteredza hwepurotoni, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe rehydrogen atomu. Hydrogen kugutsikana (mu hwepurotoni Nyuturoni kutendeuka) ne kubvuma nemasayendisiti akanga ~ 93% mukuvamba zvakasikwa.

With paumbwe Nyuturoni uye hwepurotoni akapedza danho rechipiri chezvinhu PARTICIPLE zvakasikwa ndokutanga rakatevera Danho - padariro inotungamirwa emapoka uye fuma kwemakemikari zvinhu.
Aunganidze pamwe nemigumisiro pfupiso.

Sezvinogona kuoneka, ari kwokutanga zvakasikwa nyaya yavapo pakatarisana mhosva - maerekitironi uye positrons.

nyaya iyi harimuki kunze chinhu, uye asingauyi kutsakatika zvachose, chete unopfuura kubva pakusava (achizorora state) mumwe hurumende (kufamba state).

Kuchinja ezvinhu nyaya inofamba pamwe paumbwe wokutanga PARTICIPLE - a photon. photon dzidzo uye kwaiva kutanga yokuberekwa ane richikura muchadenga.

The nzvimbo kuwedzera muchadenga noruvara (homogeneously uye isotropically) anozadza uye anozadza remagetsi nyaya (photon svikiro).

Zvino tinoziva kuti pakuwedzera wezvose imhaka kuchinja nyaya kubva ezvinhu rokuzorora ezvinhu inofamba wayo, kureva, Chadenga chiri kukura tichiregeredza vamwe zvose, kana, saka kutaura, zvakasikwa yorugare.

The remagetsi zvakatipoteredza uye akaumba chokupedzisira Universe - a Nyuturoni. Mune kuora pamusoro Nyuturoni uye hwepurotoni kuumbwa, ukuwo, wokutanga fuma atomu - rehydrogen.

Rehydrogen, sezvo zvinosanganisira chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu - protons uye okusafarira mhosva nezvimedu - maerekitironi, kufamba remagetsi ezvinhu zvakasikwa (by kuitwa yaro rinobva simba) kuumbwa zononoka (dzeraundi) "clumps" imwe pfuma kubva iyo yakaumbwa (uye chimiro) mapoka enyeredzi, nyeredzi, mapuraneti uye, naizvozvovo, nyika yose kumativi.

Izvi nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose, uye nyika iri dzinongoitika uye musoro.