Ndechipi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche: muenzaniso. Description of zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche pamusoro muviri: mienzaniso

Somumwe zvakatipoteredza zvikamu synecology anoongorora ukama pakati vanhu venyika nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi uye kuchinjika yavo dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Dzezvakatipoteredza vakawana kuti zvinenge kuva munharaunda mupenyu chokuita chairo spatial Coordonatele umo anosangana mumwe uye nhengo biosphere: mvura, ivhu, mhepo.

Iyi nzvimbo ine zita iri zvinhu zvipenyu - zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Mienzaniso munyaya ino inoitirwa kuratidza kuti tinoberekwa ose zvipenyu zvipenyu kunokonzerwa nhengo kuti kudyidzana nevamwe vanhu, uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

The zvipenyu zvechadenga mhuka

Pasina chaakasiya zvose zvipenyu panguva phylogeny vari dzakashandisa dzakananga abiotic zvinhu. Ivo kutirambidza dzinogarisana yacho. Kuti, sezvo nenzanga zvipenyu kuwadzana dzinogarisana ezvinhu uye navamwe vanhu, chiri zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza characterization, musoro iyo - zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Mienzaniso upenyu hwemhuka kutenderera kunoitika panguva dzakasiyana spatial nzvimbo uye trophic biogeocoenose - mukonikoni yakabatana mhando Arthropoda, Class Tupukanana. Adults - imago, kuva vanoshingaira zvikara, kugona mhepo pakavha, apo mazana avo - mollusk, kufema pamwe gills, muri hwemvura zvinenge.

Zvinoitwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche kwazvakaita

Munyori chaiwo basa "kunyatsogona Ecology" Yu Odum rokuti "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche," aanoshandisa yokudzidza biotic ukama nevanhu zvese dzesangano kwayo. Maererano musayendisiti, nzvimbo munhu zvakasikwa, ndiye, ayo chinokosha chinzvimbo - ichi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Muenzaniso pokuenzanisira tsanangudzo iyi - nzanga zvinomera, akadana mapiyona. Vane inokosha vasiri zvivako uye uswa, achivabvumira kuhwina vakasununguka nharaunda nyore. Ava Calamagrostis pasi, Mubhedha uswa, Mar Belaya. Vanoumba chikuru biocenoses, izvo kusanduka nenguva. Odum akatumidza muviri ari hunhu kero yake, uye mano kurarama mufananidzo - munhu basa.

Model J. Hutchinson

Achitaura zvakare tsanangudzo "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche" rokuti. Muenzaniso pokuenzanisira nayo - chena-tailed nondo, ane upenyu kutenderera Rinobatanidzwa Understory nzvimbo - perennial shrub mumatenhere. Vanoshanda sezvo mhuka haisi chete tsime zvokudya, asi waidzivirirawo. Hwakagadzwa Hutchinson womuenzaniso hypervolume biogeocoenose nzvimbo iri rutsigiro Sero upenyu vanhu vemo. It Utachiona anogona kurarama kwenguva refu, anzvenge vakaomerwa zvikonzero kwezvakatipoteredza. Research musayendisiti kuvapa pahwaro rokusikwa kwemasvomhu womuenzaniso, kupa pfungwa yokuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri miganhu nokuvapo munharaunda zvipenyu zviri zvinhu zvipenyu.

Gause musimboti

It Anonziwo zvemakwikwi chokudzingwa utongi uye rinoshandiswa kutsanangura mhando mbiri kurwira kuvapo - pakati kwemarudzi akadzidza muzana remakore rechi19 naCharles Darwin. Kana vanhu vane pindana zvavanoda, zvakadai trophic (kureva zvachose chikafu chawo) kana spatial (pindana nzvimbo - nzvimbo) izvo kuvimba nhamba dzavo, uku co-kuvapo yenharaunda idzi ipfupi. Ndiwo magumo mugumisiro kuchatungamirira kudzingwa (misha zvishoma Jacques akasandura population) uye Resettlement zvikuru yakadekara uye nokukurumidza kuwedzera zvinenge vemamwe marudzi.

Somuenzaniso, imwe mhando chaiyo gonzo ndachena Zvishoma nezvishoma misha nevanhu makonzo vatema. Ndivo Parizvino vashoma uye zvinowanikwa pedyo mvura miviri. parameters matatu zvaizobatsira pfungwa "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche." Muenzaniso anotsanangura mashoko aya runoonekwa nesu ambotaurwa, anoti: Zvirimwa gonzo Gray yaigadziriswa kwese (spatial nzvimbo), iye ari omnivorous (Kudya) uye kunovhima masikati nousiku (nguva nokupesana basa).

Mumwe muenzaniso, iyo inechirevo kutonga yemakwikwi chokudzingwa: wokutanga kugara vakasvika Australia, vakauisa Vagari nyuchi European. Nezvokumutswa kukura nyuchi uwandu nezvipembenene izvi yawedzera zvinoshamisa, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuribvisa veko Australian nyuchi dzinogarisana ayo dzinogarisana zvachose, vachiisa ichi mhando vatarisana kutsakatika.

A yakafanana nyaya yakaitika nevanhu mudzimba tsuro, kupinza nokuda chete vawana makondinendi. The zvokudya zvakawanda, wakanakisisa okunze uye kushaya makwikwi kwakakanganisa kuti vanhu zvipenyu izvi vakatanga kubvuta nharaunda mamwe dzinogarisana uye vanhu Makawanza mune nhamba zvokuti akatanga kuparadza zvirimwa zvokurima.

Uise mhando ari mararamiro

Acharamba kupindura mubvunzo, chii zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Muenzaniso, achipa mhinduro kupfuura kwakakwana - zvinokosha chinzvimbo miti dzvuku Clover. Nzvimbo nokuparadzirwa kwayo - Europe, North Africa, Central Asia. Vanhu vanokura optimally panguva zvakanaka manyoro Mafuro, pane kutonhora zviri +12 ... + 21 ° C. Vanoumba perennial rekushongedzesa kana pemasango uye ndiwo Vanoburitsa ngetani zvokudya zvinhu zvipenyu.

Dzidziso zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche

Anosanganisira cherudo multidimensional nzvimbo mugove mararamiro kuti ane zvimwe parameters abiotic zvinhu uye inopa siyana nekuita ane vemo nevanhu vemamwe marudzi; .. Competition, parasitism, commensalism etc. rataurwa unhu biogeocoenose kupa rondedzero zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche ane muviri zvakakwana. Mienzaniso tsvina mhuka, kuva mhuri nemakonzo (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) achitora nzvimbo semidesert dzakashandisa yakapinza kusiyana-siyana zuva nousiku tembiricha. Kudya sparse uswa, ivo zvokudya mhuka makuru uye neshiri: makava, makondo, Rukodzi runonzi Rukodzi, namazizi.

Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri uye nzvimbo chaiyo chavagari ariko

Yeuka kuti yakatarwa ukama ezvinhu zvipenyu nevanhu vemamwe vanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu - ichi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Muenzaniso ivhu utachiona-saprotroph, chikafu pamusoro makemikari nyaya akafa uye nokuchenesa nyika, uyewo mukuvandudza yaro agrochemical ehupfumi, anosimbisa paumbwe vakawanda biotic nevamwe vagari ivhu: yacho mazana rezvipembenene chirimwa midzi, notumwe. Anokosha pamusoro ivhu mabhakitiriya kunobva tembiricha uye mwando ivhu, ayo physicochemical akafanana.

Other vagari - nitrifying bacteria chemotroph - kuumba kugadzikana biotic kutaurirana pamwe nevanhu zvinomera Leguminous mhuri: chemombe mbeu vetch, lupines. Vose parameters izvi, vose biotic uye zvakapoteredza ezvinhu, vanoumba akaona zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche mabhakitiriya. Ndizvo chikamu dzingangoitika (unokosha niche) biogeocoenose, inova kutaridza Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu umo mhando ingavapo nokusingaperi.

Mitemo munda zvaida multidimensional zano mararamiro

Kana biogeocoenosis nehasha pachena kuti zvakanyanyisa abiotic zviitiko zvakadai semoto, mafashamo, kudengenyeka kwenyika, kana mabasa akaipa munhu, zvimwe zvikamu zvaro vakasununguka, kuti ndiyo isina kubva amborarama pano nevanhu Zvirimwa uye mhuka. Chimiro upenyu hutsva siyana - kutevedzana - zvinotisvitsa vachinje yomunyika biogeocoenose wainzi - zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche miti. Mienzaniso kugarwa rayo pashure moto zvinoratidza kuti pane yakafara-leaved dondo kuuya mumwe kana biennial herbaceous chirimwa rurefu vegetative simba: the willow, the willow-miriwo, mai uye naamainini, uye vamwe, kuti asunungure vamwe nzvimbo kamwe nyuchi itsva mhando vanhu.

Munyaya ino, takadzidza zvakadzama chinhu chakadai zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche ane muviri. Mienzaniso vaiona nesu kusimbisa kuti chinhu multidimensional kunzwisisa chakatorwa kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mararamiro nevanhu Zvirimwa uye mhuka.