Mutsindo vanhu Russian. Historical Unhu yeRussia

Russia haana kumboita kuperevedza here unyanzvi vanhu, kunyange kana kwete pachigaro choumambo, ane guru kukanganisa kukura ehurumende. Pakati pavo - masayendisiti nevanyori, matarenda mainjiniya uye vafambi makuru, akashinga vatsvakurudzi uye vakundi kweSiberia, uto shasha ... Uye, chokwadi,-soro vatongi. Asi ivo vose vakabatanidzwa chimwe chinhu - kuda nyika yavaigara, vakaita Zvavakawana makuru uye anoshamisa zvakapembererwa.

Ndianiko unoyeuka kana muchiona okuti "zvikuru vanhu Russian"? List kazhinji zvose zvakafanana:

• Pakati vehondo anoyeuka Zhukov, Kutuzov uye Suvorov.
• Kana isu kutaura pamusoro masayendisiti anonzi Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Pavlov.
• Pakati vanyori kubva makwikwi Pushkin, Lermontov uye Chekhov.

Chokwadi, zvose zvikuru vanhu Russian, kunyange kana iwe chete wozvinyora nezita, kungoti regai "achikodzera" munyaya ino, saka isu ichanyanya chete pane vamwe vavo. Uyezve, "pakati pemitsara" iri zvinhu zviri kutaurwa nevamwe vanhu vazhinji, izvo zvinofanira kuziva ose munhu akadzidza.

Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov

Ndianiko asingazivi munhu uyu kunoshamisa, naro akaita budiriro chaiyo mumhuri nesayenzi panguva yake horizons itsva?! Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete zvose rangarira, mune zvinhu vaifanira kushanda uye kudzidza ramangwana chinovheneka. Zvisinei, vazhinji kwazvo varume munhoroondo Russia vakanga vasiri vateveri hwomutambarakede: kazhinji kwakajeka mutungamiri rechiuto Suvorov vaisarudza avate mapuranga uye kudya chete nyore musoja wacho kudya.

Misha akaberekerwa mumhuri Vasiliya Dorofeevicha uye Helena, 8 (19) November 1711. Kusiyana nevakawanda nhoroondo mabhuku, mhuri yakanga isina murombo. Sezvo akazotaura nezvenguva Mikhail pachake, mai vake, akapotsa haana kurangarira nokuti akafa mangwanani, uye akataura nababa vake se "munhu akanaka uye akanaka munzira dzose, asi ndakarerwa mukusaziva rakazara." Zvisinei, kuita anotsanangura ichi nzira dzakawanda vanhu panguva iyoyo.

Michael akararama zvishoma zvikuru vachifara uye ngozi, asi baba vake vakaroora kechitatu. Choice aiva Irina Semenovna Korelskaya. Mukomana mukadzi pakarepo kwakaonekwa "zvakaipa, shanje uye makaro naamainini." Oddly zvakakwana, aiva iye uyo vakaita mutsindo basa hwake. "Zlobstvuya uye hasha" kubva chido mabhuku, naamainini akasarudza kuedza munhu nekusimba nzira pokuroora mutizi muduku. Lomonosov, rekukwazisa akanzwa chinangwa ichi, pakarepo vakatizira Moscow.

Saint Petersburg

Muna 1731, musayendisiti ramangwana rinouya aimbova guta Imperial, apo upenyu hunotanga nemashoko tsotsi Zvikamu: kuti akanyoresa kutsvakwa yunivhesiti, mukomana anofanira pachako kuumba magwaro, se mwanakomana wamambo. Kunyange nhasi kwakadaro chiito vanotyisidzira guru dambudziko, uye kunyange panguva iyoyo zvakanga hwakazarawo ine mutongo worufu, saka kuti vechiduku Michael vaisiyana sawanikwa ushingi uye chido zivo!

Zvisinei, anenge zvose zvinoshamisa vanhu Russia haana kunyanya kutya haana kutambura. Saka, pamwe Mikoyan ndege chete aigona nharo pamusoro yakaenzana usakurirwe Stalin.

mhiri kwemakungwa Study

dambudziko-gore Four yakatora Mikhail Vasilyevich muzvikoro zveko, asi muna 1735 akatumirwa St. Petersburg, mune rimwe masangano pasi Bapiro Russian Academy of Sciences. Ipapo nokukurumidza akaratidza somunhu hunoshamisa yefizikisi tsika, zvakasiyana "rusingadzorwi chido ngozi kuedza." Vachiona tarenda rake, utungamiri chete pagore anotumira vaduku uye zvinovimbisa nyanzvi yokudzidza kwose Freiburg. Zvinosuruvarisa inenge vakakurumbira zvose Russia panguva dzakamanikidzwa kuwana dzidzo yavo kunze kwenyika, sezvo kuna Peter munyika yedu maiva zvishomanana vadzidzisi here zvakanaka.

Sezvakaitika Russia, vadzidzi vaifanira kushanda nesimba chaizvo, vanoramba vasina mari kunyange zvisingatomboiti zvokudya, tisingatauri mabhuku, pepa zvipfeko. Taifanira kubuda, kuita rakaderera basa. Kusarara uye kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, pamwe kunyanyisa mupfungwa kushushikana, hwakazununguka zvikuru utano vadzidzi vose.

Kudzokera Russia

Muna 1740 musayendisiti kuRussia. Pane zvikonzero zviviri: kusada kuti akatanga nzira dzine vadzidzi vavo uye zvechigarire kusiyana nevadzidzisi German. Kumba akatanga asangana zvakanaka, uye muna 1745, Mikhail Lomonosov akava purofesa wekemisitiri. makore 34 chete, iyo nguva idzodzo chaingova risingadaviriki! Kufanana kukuru zvose varume Russia, akanga asina navanozvikudza, kuramba kushanda pasina yokumbozorora, musakanganwa govera nguva yokuti mumwe nomumwe vadzidzi vavo.

Inozivikanwa nokuva kuti nguva dzose kuhondo kunotyisa uye polemic nharo G. F. Millerom nevamwe "vokuGermany", achivaisa kuzvidzwa "Kunyadziswa nemaune vanhu Russian, kusada kubvuma nhoroondo kuita ayo." Hazvishamisi kuti vakawanda kwavavengi vake vava akaipisisa vavengi muduku muzvinafundo. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira haana mwoyo: Michael kunoramba aidaro zvesayenzi, kubhadhara chaiyo mutero kemisitiri. Kunyange zvazvo zviri nyore zita nzvimbo ruzivo umo haana tara kupfuura rimwe basa! Lomonosov chaizvo akadzivirira vatambi ake kwete chete, asiwo kune vamwe masayendisiti, pakati pavo vaiva ramangwana vanhu vakakurumbira Russia.

Pasinei mavambo German G. V. Rihmana, vakafira mutsaona panguva iri kuedza pamwe magetsi, asi akabatikana pamusoro mhuri yake ine kwaye bonuses uye utsinye pachavo shoshoma nharo bureaucrats vasingade kucherechedza mupiro wemufi kukura nesayenzi.

Friends uye vavengi

In zvose makore kugara St. Petersburg paUniversity maiva vazhinji shamwari uye kunyange zvakawanda vavengi, vari nepaaigona godo zvakanaka pamusoro pake Imperial dare. Kana muna 1765 akafa kwazvo nemabayo, yakakurumbira panguva iyoyo, mudetembi Sumarokov akati ichi chiitiko chinosuruvarisa: "Akadzikama pasi Benzi harichazovi ruzha" Sezvineiwo, University munorumbidzirweiko akanga zvikuru, uye zvikuru zvakanga ake vakazvipira nomwoyo wose shamwari uye vadzidzi kuti haisi shanje kuti anozvidza aifanira kugeza mukubwinya.

Zvinosuruvarisa kuti vakawanda vekare Russia haana kunzvenga zvinoitirwa. Great, Pushkin, "zvose yedu", akanga pasi revatongi madenderedzwa ari kutambudzwa zvikuru kwazvo. Mudetembi vaisada directness ake uye kusada kufanana courtiers. Uye chii vaiva kunoshamisa vanhu Russia remakore rechi19? Nguva, kana kutapwa kwenyika kwemakore anouya?

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Kunyange West, apo pane hauziri kwazvo kuziva zvemashoko vomunyika yedu, Tsiolkovsky zvechokwadi achakudzwa. All zvikuru zvinoshamisa kuti vakawanda vakakurumbira vanhu Russia sezvo panguva, uye munguva yedu, haina kuziva. Kwenguva yakareba zvakanga vaidavira kuti Konstantin E. - ". Wokumwe chaizvo uye nesayenzi pfungwa" eccentric chaizvo musayendisiti wakarurama

Akaberekerwa muna 1857. Somwana, ndakanga chaizvo uye kudzikama mwana kuti aizoita nayo chinosekesa yakaipa: rakakunguruswa anenge muswere sledding, aneta uye Chiso chinopenya, akanga kuchitonhora chaizvo. The chirwere akapotsa amuuraya. Pashure kupora, zvikazooneka kuti Kostya zvimwe anonzwa nenzwi guru.

Consequences, mavambo nokudzidziswa

Zvisinei, kusanzwa, kwakaita kuti ndechokuti mukomana akanga kunyimwa zvatinosiita kunonakidza vezera ake, ari kutanga kuratidza kufarira hunoshamisa umhizha, mukugadzira marudzi ose shamisa uye mafaro ounyanzvi. Kupupudza nyota yake risingadzime zivo.

Inenge vose zvikuru vanhu Russian vaiva chaiwo katsika chete: pane imwe nguva tsanzira gunsmith Fedorov kuverenga mazana mabhuku hurongwa uye atirari, iye aiitisa zviuru kuedza uye akavakira incredible uwandu zvigadziriswe hunotsigira kuti dzidziso dzavo.

Muna 1869 Kostya anoenda kuchikoro. akayeuka kuti "chidzidzo wakapiwa tanetseka chaizvo, sezvo mudzidzisi, ndaitosvika ndambonzwa, chete ndakanzwa kujeka mutauro." Muna 1870, Mukoma wake akafa, uye akapotsa pakarepo anoenda guva, uye namai vake, asingakwanisi kubereka ichi nhau inotyisa. Constantine anova zvakaoma chaizvo.

Moscow

Baba, achiona mano zvinoshamisa mwanakomana, anosarudza kumutumira kuna Moscow (1873), kuti vapinde kuti School of Engineering. Chokwadi, nemhaka kusanzwa hazvina kushanda. Asi remangwana nzvimbo ubanguranyika nyeredzi anosarudza kugara muMoscow, mubasa kuzvidzora dzidzo. Baba mwanakomana dzatumira 10-15 rubles pamwedzi. Yaiva kwaye chaizvo mari mumazuva iwayo, asi Kostya vakadya chingwa dema chete uye tii mvura.

Mhinduro iri nyore: mune mwedzi masendi 90 chete hwapera pazvokudya, uye zvose achienda kunotenga mabhuku, maturusi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti kuedza. Mumakore matatu chete, kubva 1973 kusvika 1876-vakasuwa aishanda nesimba Tsiolkovsky nguva mukudzidzire anenge maviri jimunasiyamu chirongwa zvachose pachavo, agere panze kwemazuva mumaraibhurari panguva Moscow anotanga. Muna 1876, baba akashuma kuti utano hwake hwakanga hwaipa, uye anoita mwanakomana wake shure kuna Kaluga.

Educational basa

Constantine kumba kwete chete hafu matsi, asiwo zvakakomba kanganisa chiratidzo. Sezvineiwo, baba vake aiva zvakawanda uye zvakanaka zvine, zvichiita nyore kutora mukomana kuti dzidziso chinzvimbo pane chesekondari womunharaunda. Ikoko akazvisiyanisa saka zvakanaka aitema kwaari ezvipfuwo vadzidzi.

Muna 1878 mhuri yakatamira Ryazan. Pane kuramba dzidziso basa, Tsiolkovsky aifanira kutora zvizere bvunzo. Pasinei akanga asina kufarira dzidziso uye zvimwe zvinodiwa kuti sayenzi iyi, aikwanisa ari pfupi inobvira nguva yokudzidza zvose unofanira uye chipenye kuti kuedzwa. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe nyota incredible zivo zvose nhoroondo dzakasiyana mukufambisira nyika yedu. Saka, mambo mukuru Peter Mukuru, uyo akagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka chaizvo, vaigona mumaawa mashomanana kudzidza dzakawanda yakaoma kwemasvomhu Masvomhu, kuti pakarepo kushandisa navo zvikuru zvakaoma Masvomhu pakuvaka zvikepe.

mabasa nesayenzi

Pashure pemakore matatu chete akanyora ake bhuku "dzidziso magasi" (chinyorwa asati nguva yedu haina asvika). The voga pakati musayendisiti kubva pakutsvakurudza vemunharaunda akaita naye aitamba akaipa paakatuma rugwaro basa rake Mendeleev, akapindura kuti vose mhedziso yakataurwa acho, zviri zvachose chokwadi ... ndizvo kutsvakurudza ake asina kukosha, sezvo yakawanikwa kupfuura 25 makore apfuura.

Zvisinei, kukundikana "Russian Space baba" haana hanya, kunyange ndakarwadziwa. Kufanana zhinji evanhu muRussia, aiva tsika simba kwazvo. In ichi akanga kwazvo zvakafanana murume yaingoda mabasa akazotevera ake: Yuri Gagarin aiva mumwe mafomu zhinji wokutanga ndege muchadenga, asi nokuda kusimba uye nokutsungirira Jura ndiro zita anozivikanwa munyika yose.

Yezwi aeronautics

Muna 1885, paakanga akwegura, makore 28 chete okuberekwa, Tsiolkovsky akanga kare vamwe basa kwazvo pasango aeronautics. The nyaya yakanga anonakidza, asi nekuti kubvira akasarudza kubata bedzi pamwe kuferefeta munharaunda iyi.

Kusvikira 1917 musayendisiti rinenge gore akatuma drafts zvinyorwa zvavo siyana masangano sayenzi munyika, akaedza kutifadza zvavo budiriro maindasitiri. Yakanga zvose pasina, kwaari hapana anoteerera. Vagari Tsiolkovsky vairatidza ngozi eccentric, uye chete akadzokorora kurevererwa mukuru vamwene akamuponesa kubva kudzingwa uye kutambudzwa.

Kutaura zvazviri, vakawanda kunoshamisa vanhu Russia, uye dzimwe nyika muupenyu hwake haana kunzwa nevaairarama hapana chakanaka, uye vazhinji vavo kunyange akafa urombo kusvibirwa.

ndangariro

Mushure Revolution, upenyu musayendisiti akava nyore zvikuru. Nechekare muna 1918 pakupedzisira chakakodzera akasarudzwa honorary nhengo Academy of Sciences, vari kutanga kubhadhara wezvokudya akanaka. Zvisinei, havasi vose zviri hwakanaka: muna 1919 muimba musayendisiti aiti vanhu vazhinji shanu nguvo rehurumende, pashure pamazuva Tsiolkovsky mashanu kuitwa kasingaperi mu wedzimba ari Lubyanka.

Vakapona pezvapupu zvakanga zvakare pamusana pokutsamwa, asi chishamiso chinoitika: mumwe kubva kumusoro madenderedzwa itsva hurumende yeSoviet musayendisiti basa sokuti rinokosha, asi nokuti vakasunungurwa pakarepo, pasina muripo. Muna 1935 Tsiolkovsky, ari kare kukwegura, akanyora tsamba kuna Stalin, umo akaratidza tariro anonyara kuti kutsvakurudza ake achava vaongorore kanenge simba Soviet, sapamakore apakutanga zvose zvapfuura, "akanga aneta banging musoro wako vasingazivi navo." Oddly zvakakwana, asi Stalin achiri inongorira tsamba iyi kubva siyana matsamba, nokutuma musayendisiti akapindura.

Mariri akavonga Tsiolkovsky kuti rakakura kutanga kwezivo yesayenzi, kuranga kuramba kuitisa kutsvakurudza. Zvinosuwisa, nokukurumidza pashure musayendisiti iyi nekenza mudumbu. Pashure porufu rwake, vazhinji mabasa anoshamisa vanhu vave rakadzokororwa chose; asi vanachiremba kuti avhiyesheni uye chombo-kuvaka Mazinga uye zvadaro vakawana kuti pamusoro gumi asati kwakatanga kutsvakurudza munzvimbo idzi, akwegura codger kubva Kaluga yatopera panyaya iyi.

Tsiolkovsky Pfungwa pamusoro pokumuka womumvuri nzvimbo, kuvakwa ngarava muchadenga paNyika, kukosha kuisa-refu misha pamusoro Moon uye Mars ... Zvose izvi uye nhasi anowana nokusimbisa namabasa nyanzvi ano. Kuyeuka mazita evanhu zvikuru Russian haazombokanganwi Tsiolkovsky!

Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky

Mukusarudza Russian enumeration akakurumbira dzemitambo, hatigoni kukanganwa pamusoro vatungamiriri vemauto, vane mabasa kwete akaponesa nyika kubva nechisimba. Saka Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky. Akazvarwa ramangwana nzira muna 1896, panguva iyo Russian Empire. biographers ake vanoti kuti chaizvoizvo aberekwa mangwanani sezvo 1894. Asi zvimwe zvishoma akaderedza zera kuti kubvuma basa muSoviet Army. Kubvira vachiri vaduku akaratidza mano uye chido muchiuto.

Panguva World War First, akabatana hondo iri chokuzvidira hwaro. Nechekare muna 1915, zvakanga chaipiwa kuna kwoMuchinjikwa St. George dhigirii wechitatu, asi zvakakodzera mubayiro nemhaka bureaucratic kuvhiringidzika uye havana kuwana. Pfungwa, vakapiwa mafungiro vokuSoviet kwemirayiro zvakadaro, hazvina kuipa.

Muna 1917, akanga namapfuudzirwo kuvasiri basa mukuru, asi pashure chete gore hondo yake emauto akadzingwa mabasa zvachose, uye Rokossovsky aifanira kuramba basa rake kune vanhuwo Red Army. Zvisinei, nokuda kwebasa rake Konstantin Konstantinovich akakurumidza hwakatamisirwa dzechikwata wavarwi. Panguva Civil War, muna 1919, akanga hacked rufu nezano muhondo Saber mumwe Kolchak kuti vevatariri.

A gore akazova mukuru emauto hondo. Aiitawo anenge ose makuru hondo iyoyo, aiverenga mabasa Tukhachevsky, iyo chaizvo anobatsira podcherpnul. All ichi, uyewo ake ushamwari nevamwe vaidzvinyirirwa vakazoroorwa vatungamiri uye vasiri basa mukuru basa Imperial Army kwakaita kuti asungwa muna 1937. Kutaura zvazviri, achishandisa ichi "dambudziko" vakawanda vekare nguva: zvakafanana Korolyov, baba nzvimbo chirongwa Soviet, vakapedza chikamu chikuru choupenyu hwake vakapfigirwa.

usungwa

Kusvikira 1940 mujeri. Kusava nomusoro mhedziso yake yakanga kuti akanga "asungwa ari nokutsamwa Adolfa Yushkevicha," iro raiva shamwari iri Civil Rokossovskogo. Pano chete Konstantin aiziva kuti shamwari yake yakanga yafa kare, asi nekuti muviri vasingakwanisi kupa uchapupu pamusoro pake. Hazvina kunaka kuti haasiye udzvanyiriri akaruramiswa.

Saka, muna Biography pamusoro Rokossovsky yaiva chiitiko apo akasimudza nokupesana ekunze zvikuru zvakaipa (zvakanga zviri Trans-Baikal nharaunda). Vanhu havana zvakajairika inodziya mbatya, mabhiza dzikaziya ndima refu. Somugumisiro, rebei chikamu vashandi vacho frostbite, vazhinji vakafa nemabayo Papera. Mabhiza zhinji vakaputsa makumbo avo. Future yokukunda aingova rombo kuti zviito zvake vaikwanisa se "kuregeredza", kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo chaiitirwa pasi "sabhoteji" yakadaro uye yaiva mhosva inotongerwa rufu pasi mitemo hondo.

The Great Patriotic Hondo uye yepashure pehondo

Zvakakwana akazvisiyanisa ari Hondo Kursk, kana kusunungurwa Belarus. Nevamwe uye kunyange vavengi vakapemberera tarenda rake undoubted muchiuto. Pashure pehondo, akaita zvakawanda kudzosa Russian (Soviet) pesvedzero yake yaakaberekerwa kwePoland. Kufanana zvose zvikuru evanhu, akashanda pasina nyasha pachake. Sezvo kwakajeka mutungamiriri rechiuto Zhukov, uyo akatungamirira Soviet Army, Rokossovsky ndisingarari kwemazuva apo mamiriro ezvinhu akabvunza izvozvo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Marshall agara aizviti chivimbo chake mumwe: ". Uto vanofanira kugara pamusoro zvematongerwo enyika, mauto harifaniri kupindira mairi" Kunyanya nokuti ichi, akanga airemekedzwa kunyange "courtiers" reSoviet kumwedzi.

okushora zhinji akanyorwa Rokossovsky, haana kupfuura chaiyo nokuda kusekwa. Munhu wose aiziva kuti Konstantin haafariri chete perturbations iri yepamusoro echelons simba, asiwo vaishora kupindira zvakasimba mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Uyu murume akafa muna 1968. In Rokossovskogo ndangariro zvichinzi mabhuku akawanda enganonyorwa, bust ake uye zvivako anogona kuwanikwa yose yaimbova Soviet Union. Tutorials kurwa mhosva, uye nzira kuti akanyora Konstantin achiri kudzidza muuto zvikoro zviri Russian Federation.

Munyaya ino mukuru evanhu - sezvo imi munzwisise, kwete chete zvatinogona kudada. A gurupu vose nomukurumbira vanhu kuti nyika yedu zvakasikwa chaizvo, ndiye refu chaizvo. Uye zita mumwe uye kanenge zvishoma taura rubatsiro vake Yababa, kwete zvakakwana kuti bhuku chaizvo gobvu.

Ndivanaani vaiva mukurusa vanhu kuRussia? Zvingava zvakaipa anoratidza chete vamwe vavo. Rega ingotaurai kuti vaiva vanhu chaivo vane tsamba guru. Havaiti vachipanga mbiri, asi kungoti vakaedza nepavaigona napo kuti vaite basa rinotsanangurwa munyika kwavari. Zvirokwazvo kamwe mabhuku chichange kubudiswa, izvo zvichaita kuti hwakatamisirwa kunoshamisa vanhu Russia remakore rechi21. Tinogona chete tariro kuti ndangariro vakararama panguva yavo kubvumira kuti kutaura pamusoro pavo zvakanaka.