Kusunungurwa kweBelarus (1944). The Great Patriotic War

Mushure mokunge Stalingrad neKursk Bulge iyo nzira yeGreat Patriotic War yakazoputswa, Red Army yakatanga kukunda nyika yayo. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakanga yava kusvika nokusingaperi. Kusunungurwa kweBelarus kwaiva nhanho inokosha pamugwagwa wokukunda.

Zuva Kuedza

Chiedza chekutanga chekusunungura Belarus chakaitwa munguva yechando muna 1944. Izvo zvinokanganisa nenzira yeVitebsk yakatanga kutanga kwaFebruary, asi yakanga isingabudiriri: kufambira mberi kwaive kwakaoma, kwemwedzi nehafu zvakange zvichibvira kuongorora nemakiromita gumi chete.

MuBelorussian Front, iyo inoshanda muMinsk-Bobruisk murayiridzo, yakaita zvinhu zviri nani, asi yakanga iri kure nekunaka. Ikoko chinonyangadza chakatanga kunyange kare, pakutanga kweJanuary, uye kakatova 14, Mozyr naKalinkovichi vakatorwa. Pakavamba kwechando, mauto eSoviet akamanikidza Dnieper ndokudzoka kubva kumaNazi 20-25 km kubva munharaunda.

Kufambira mberi kwepfupi kweRed Army hakukwanise kuonekwa sekurukubudirira, naizvozvo pakati pegore Mutemo Mukuru wakasarudza kuregera chinonyangadza. Mhomho yacho yakarayirwa kuti iwane nzvimbo munzvimbo dzakagara uye ikamirira nguva dziri nani.

Kusiyana nehutungamiri hweBelarusian, ruzivo rwakakura rwechando-chitsva chegore ra1944 rwakabudirira zvikuru: kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kwepamberi kwakayambuka muganhu, hondo dzakarwa kunze kweU.SR. Zvakaitika kumativi ekumusoro kwepamberi zvakanga zvisina kuipa: maSoviet mauto akakwanisa kutora Finland kunze kwehondo. Nokuda kwezhizha, yakarongwa kusunungura Bherussia, maBaltic republic uye nekudzoka kwakakwana kweUkraine.

Kugadziriswa

Mutsara wepamberi muBSSR waiva arc (mutsara, wedge) wakatungamirirwa kune Soviet Union ine urefu hwemakiromita 1 100. Mune kuchamhembe, yaive yakananga kuVitebsk, kumaodzanyemba - kusvika kuP Pinsk. Munharaunda iyi, yakadanwa muSoviet General Staff "mhirizhonga weBelarusian," mauto eGermany akamira - boka re "Centre", kusanganisira 3rd Panzer, yechipiri, yechina neyechitanhatu.

Mutemo weGermany wakabatanidzwa zvakakosha kune nzvimbo dzawo muBelarus. Vakarayirwa kuti vadzivirire pane chero mari, saka kusunungurwa kweBelrusrus kwakanga kusiri nyore nyore kufamba.

Uyezve, mukati megore ra1944, Fuehrer haana kufunga nezvehondo sehondo yakarasika zvachose, asi aifarira tarisiro, achitenda kuti kana nguva yakazununguswa, sangano raizogumburwa, uye ipapo Soviet Union yaizozvipira, yakaneta nehondo yakareba.

Mushure mokutungamirira mhando yezviongorori zvemabasa uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu, Wehrmacht akasarudza kuti zvingava zviri nani kumirira matambudziko kubva kuUkraine neRomania: achishandisa nzvimbo inenge yakundwa, Red Army inogona kuuraya dambudziko rinoparadza uye kunyange kukanganisa zvakakosha zvakakosha Ploiesti kubva kuGermany.

Kutungamirirwa nemafungiro aya, vaFascist vakakurudzira mauto makuru kumaodzanyemba, vachifunga kuti kusunungurwa kweBelarus hazvibviri kutanga nekukurumidza: kunyange mamiriro emasimba emusana kana mamiriro edzimba aive nemafungiro ekurwisa.

Military Tricks

IUSSR yakanyatsotsigira izvi zvitendero zvenhema muvengi. Mitsara yekudzivirira yakaipa yakavakwa pamusoro penhare, chikamu chechitatu cheUkraine Front chakanyatsotevedzera kufambisa kwemazana gumi nepfuti kupatsanurana, fungiro yakasikwa kuti matangi emitambo yakamira muUkraine yakaramba iri panzvimbo, asi chaizvoizvo yakakurumidza kuendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro . Nzira dzakawanda dzekubiridzira dzakaitwa kuti dzinyengedze muvengi, panguva ino basa re "Bagration" raive richigadzirira mune zvakaoma zvakavanzika: kusunungurwa kweBelrusrus kwakanga kusisiri kure.

Musi waMay 20, General Staff vakazadzisa kuronga kwemushandirapamwe. Somugumisiro, mutemo weSoviet waitarisirwa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvinotevera:

• Kusundira muvengi kubva kuMoscow;
• Yakabatanidzwa pakati pemapoka ehondo dzeNazi uye inovatadzisa kukurukurirana nemumwe;
• Ipa ruzivo rwezviitiko zvinotevera zvinopikisana nemuvengi.

Kuti zvibudirire, basa rekutsvaira reBelarusian rakanyatsogadziriswa, zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemigumisiro yaro: kukunda kwakavhura nzira yeWarsaw, uye naizvozvo, kuBerlin. Kurwisana kwacho kwaizova kwakakomba, nokuti kuitira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvaive zvakakosha:

• Kuti akunde nzira ine simba yezvidzivirira zvevavengi
• Kumanikidzira nzizi huru;
• Tora tsika dzakakosha dzinzvimbo;
• Mune mitsara yakafupika inogona kuwanikwa yekusunungura Minsk kubva kune fascists.

Chirongwa chakatenderwa

Musi waMay 22 ne23, chirongwa chacho chakakurukurwa pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwevatungamiri vemiganhu inobatanidzwa mukushanda, uye musi waMay 30 yakagamuchirwa pakupedzisira. Maererano naye, zvaifungidzirwa kuti:

• "Hole" kudzivirirwa kwevaJalimane munzvimbo nhanhatu, kushandisa zvichishamisa kushamiswa uye simba rekutsvaga;
• Kuparadza zvikwata pedyo neVitebsk naBobruisk, iyo yakashanda se "mapapiro" emuBelarusian protuberance;
• Mushure mokuputika, famba mberi pamwe chete nekutendeuka kwekutengesa kuitira kuti utore zvakakura sezvinobvira mauto emhandu.

Kubudirira kushanda kwepurogiramu iyi kunopedza simba re Wehrmacht munharaunda iyi uye kwakaita kuti kusunungurwa kwakakwana kweByelorussia: 1944 kwaifanira kupedzisa kutambudzwa kwevanhu, iyo yakazadzwa nekutyisa kwehondo.

Chiitiko chikuru Vadzidzi

Basa guru rakanyanya kukanganisa raisanganisira masimba eDnieper Military Flotilla uye nemiganhu mina: First Baltic uye vatatu veBelorussia.

Zvakaoma kurondedzera zvakanyanya basa rakaitwa nemasangano ekuparadzanisa mubasa: pasina musangano wavo wakagadzirwa, kusunungurwa kweByelorussia kubva kune veGermany vanopesana nevechiGerman vaizotora nguva yakawanda uye simba. Mukati yezvinonzi hondo yezvikepe, vatsigiri vakakwanisa kuputika anenge 150 000 rairi. Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvakaoma zvikuru upenyu hwevanopinda, uye chaizvoizvo terezi dzainge dzakaderedzwa, mazhenje akaparadzwa, nhumbi dzokukurukurirana dzakaparadzwa, uye dzimwe dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadzirwa. Sangano rekumhondira muByelorussia raive rakasimba zvikuru munharaunda yeU.SR.

Apo basa reBagration rakanga richivandudzirwa, basa rekutanga reByelorussia Front pasi pemurairo waRokossovsky raifungidzirwa kunyanya kuoma. Munharaunda yehutungamiri hweBroruisk, chimiro pachayo chakanga chisingaoneki chiri chekuita kuti kubudirire-munyaya iyi mutemo mukuru wemativi ose maviri akanga asina kubatana. Uye zvechokwadi, kufambira mberi nekushandiswa kwematangi kuburikidza nemasango asingakwanisi kuita basa rakaoma, kuisa zvinyoronyoro. Asi Marshall akatsigira: maGermany haatarisi kurwisa kunobva kune rumwe rutivi, nokuti vanoziva nezvekuvapo kwemaronda pamwe needu. Ndicho chikonzero nei kuputika kunofanira kuve kwakonzerwa zvakananga kubva pano.

Kuwirirana kwesimba

Izvo zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa mumushandirapamwe zvakasimbiswa zvikuru. Nzira yemotokari haina kushanda nokuda kwekutya, asi nokuda kwehana: munguva yekugadzirira, mamiriyoni emichina uye vanhu vakatakurwa - vose vane chakavanzika chakavanzika.

Sezvo maGermany akasarudza kuisa pfungwa mumauto ekumaodzanyemba, boka rechiuto reGermany "Center", rinopesana neRombo Army, rakaverengwa nevanhu vashomanana. Kupokana ne 36,4,000 zveSoviet nematope - 9,5 mamiriyoni, zvinopesana ne 5.2 makanki matangi uye zvigadziridzo zvekutonga-mazana matatu emagetsi uye kurwisa zvombo, zvinopesana nezvikamu mazana mashanu zvemauto ehondo - 1,350 ndege.

Nguva yekutanga kwekushanda yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya pane zvakavanzika. Kusvikira nguva yekupedzisira, maGermany aisaziva zvachose nezvekuuya kwemushandirapamwe. Iwe unogona kufungidzira kuti chii chinoita kuti alarm ibuke apo mangwanani-ngwanani eJune 23 Operation Bagration yakazotanga.

Akashamiswa nokuda kweFurer

Kufambira mberi kwemaodzanyemba nemauto kwakanga kusiri yunifomu. Semuenzaniso, hurongwa hwekutsvaga wekutanga weBaltic (4th Army) hwakanga husingagoni kupwanya muvengi nechisimba chimwe chechisimba. Kwezuva rekushanda, akakwanisa kukunda makiromita mashanu chete. Asi Vatanhatu Vechitanhatu uye makumi mana nematatu mauto evanhu vakafara: ivo "vakabaya" kudzivirirwa kwevavengi uye vakapfuura Vitebsk kubva kuchamhembe-kumavirira. MaGermany akakurumidza kudzoka, achisiya anenge 15 km. Muchikamu chinoguma, matangi ezvitumbi zvekutanga akadurura mukati.

Iro 3rd Byelorussian Front nemasimba ehondo ye39 ne5 e5 yakapfuura Vitebsk kubva kumaodzanyemba, zvichida haina kumboona rwizi Luches uye yakaramba ichikanganisa. Ikoji rakadzima: pazuva rokutanga rekushanda, maGermany aiva nemukana mumwe chete wokutiza kubva kumativi ose: makiromita makumi maviri nemakiromita akafara, akagara kwenguva pfupi, musungo wakapfigwa mumusha weOstrovno.

MuOrsha kutungamirirwa nemauto eSoviet, pakutanga, kukanganisa kwakatarisirwa: kudzivirirwa kweGermany mune iyi shato yakanga ine simba kwazvo, muvengi zvakanyanyisa, zvakaipa uye kudzivirirwa neruzivo. Kuedza kusunungura Orsha kwakaitwa zvakare munaJanuary uye yakakundikana. Muchando, hondo yakarasika, asi hondo yakanga isina kurashika: Operation Bagration haina kusiya nzvimbo yekukundikana.

Masoja e11 nea31 akasvitsa zuva rose achiedza kuita nzira yavo kumutsara wechipiri wezvidziviriro zveGermany. Munguva iyi, yeFifth Panzer Army yakanga yakamirira awa yaro: kana yakabudirira kubudirira mumutungamiri weOrsha, yakazarura nzira yeMinsk.

I2 yeBelorussian Front yakamhanya zvakanaka uye yakabudirira kuMogilev. Pakupera kwezuva rokutanga rokurwisana, bridge rakanaka rakange rakatorwa pamahombekombe eDnieper.

Musi waJune 24, kushandiswa kwekusunungurwa kweBelarus kwakatanga kune yekutanga yeByelorussian Front, iyo yakatanga kuzadzisa basa rayo rokurwisa: kutamira mumutungamiri weBobruisk. Pano tarisiro yekushamiswa kwekurwiswa kwakange yakarurama zvakakwana: asi, kune rumwe rutivi maGerman havana kutarisira dambudziko. Mutsara wekuzvidzivirira kwawo wakapararira uye muduku.

Mune Parichy area, boka roga roga rakaputika nemakiromita makumi maviri - matangi eVokutanga Guards Corps akakurumidza kupinda mukati megaka rakange raumbwa. VaGermany vakadzokera kuna Bobruisk. Kuvatsvaka, iyo avant-garde yakanga iripo paJune 25 yakanga iri kunze kweguta.

Munharaunda yeRogachev, zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kufanana pakutanga: muvengi akadzivisa, asi apo hutungamiri hwekutsvaga hwakatendeukira kuchamhembe, zvinhu zvakanyanya kunakidza. Pazuva rechitatu mushure mekutanga kweSoviet operation, maGermany akaziva kuti yakanga yava nguva yokutiza, asi yakanga yava nguva: matangi eSoviet akanga atova yakadzika kumashure kwevavengi. Musi waJune 27, musungo wakaputirwa. Mariri maiva nemapoka matanhatu emuvengi, iyo mazuva maviri gare gare akaparadzwa zvachose.

Success

Izvo zvakashata zvakanga zvakashata. Musi waJune 26, Red Army yakasunungura Vitebsk, mushure mokurwa kwehasha kwevaNazi vakasiya Orshansk mushure mokutanga kwema27, magodhi 28 eSoviet akanga atove muBorisov, yakagadziriswa zvachose musi waJuly 1.

Pasi peMinsk, Vitebsk naBobruisk 30 vavengi vakaparadzaniswa vakaurayiwa. Mazuva gumi namaviri mushure mokutanga kwebasa racho, mauto eSoviet akapfuura 225-280 km, achiputsa imwe hafu yeBelrusrus nejeri rimwe chete.

Kubudirira ichi chezviitiko, Wehrmacht yakanga isati yakagadzirirwa zvachose, uye kunyange mutemo weboka reuto "Center" pacharo rakange rakanyanyisa uye rakarongeka. Nhoroondo yenguva yakafamba maawa, uye dzimwe nguva - kwemaminitsi. Pakutanga kwaive kuchikwanisa kudzivisa kudzikomba, munguva inodzokera kuRwizi. Berezina nekugadzira mutsara wezvidziviriro pano. Hazvigoneki kuti munyaya iyi kusunungurwa kweBelarus kwaizove kwakaitika mumwedzi miviri. Asi Munda Marshal Bush haana kupa mutemo munguva. Kunyangwe kudavira kwake mukusavhiringidzwa kweHitler yekuverengwa kwehondo kwakave kwakasimba kwazvo, zvisinei kuti mutungamiri wacho aifungidzira simba remuvengi, asi akakurudzira akazadzisa mutemo waHitler "kudzivirira rallerussia rally pamatambudziko ose" ndokuparadza mauto ake. 40 000 masoja nevatungamiriri, pamwe chete nevakuru vakuru vakuru vechiGermany vaitakura zvigaro zvepamusoro, vakatorwa. Mhedzisiro, ngatitarisei, inonyadzisa.

Achishamiswa nehubudirira hwemuvengi, maGermany akashandura mafungiro acho: Bush yakabviswa kubva panzvimbo yake, humwe hukama hwakatanga kutora muByelorussia. Kuona maitiro, mutemo weSoviet wakakumbira kukurumidza kukanganisa uye kutora Minsk mushure meJuly 8. Chirongwa chacho chakazadzikiswa: pa3 mutungamiri wenyika yacho yakasunungurwa, uye mauto makuru evanhu veGermany (mauto mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nevatungamiriri) kumabvazuva kweguta akakombwa. Nyika yekupedzisira yakawanda yavakaona muupenyu hwavo yaiva Belarus. 1944 yakanga ichiunganidza kukohwa kwayo kweropa: 70 zviuru zvevanhu vakaurawa uye vanenge zviuru makumi matatu vaifamba mumigwagwa yejubilant Soviet capital. Iko mberi kwemuvengi kwaive kwakanyanyisa, kwakanga kusina chinhu chokubvisa hurukuro yakareba mazana mana-kilometer yakanga yakasikwa. VaGermany vakatora kutiza.

Zvikamu zviviri zvekushanda

Basa re "Bagration" raive nezvikamu zviviri. Yokutanga yakatanga musi waJune 23. Panguva iyoyo, zvaive zvakakosha kupfuurira kuburikidza nechinangwa chemuvengi, kuti aparadze mauto emusangano weBelarussia. Kurohwa kwemafurati kwaifanira kutendeuka, zvishoma nezvishoma kutendeuka, pane imwe nzvimbo yemepu. Mushure mokubudirira kubudirira, mabasa akachinjwa: zvaive zvakakodzera kuratidza nekukurumidzira kutsvaga muvengi uye kuwedzera kwekugadzirisa mutsara. Musi waJuly 4, USSR General Staff vakashandura urongwa hwekutanga, nokudaro vakapedzisa danho rekutanga remushandirapamwe.

Panzvimbo pekushandura magwagwa aive akasiyana-siyana: First Baltic Front yakatungamira kudivi reSiauliai, yechitatu Byelorussia yaifanira kusunungura Vilnius neLida, wechipiri yeByelorussia yaifanira kuva Novogrudok, Grodno neBiałystok. Rokossovsky akapinda munharaunda yeBaranovichi neBrest, uye mushure mokunge apinda mujeri, akaenda kuLublin.

Nhanho yechipiri yeOp Operation Bagration yakatanga musi waJuly 5. Mauto eSoviet akapfuurira mberi nokukurumidza. Pakazosvika pakati pezhizha, madikiards emuganhu akanga atanga kumanikidza Neman. Mabhiriji makuru akabatwa paVistula uye murwizi. Narew. Musi waJuly 16, Red Army yakatora Grodno, uye 28 - Brest.

Musi waAugust 29, basa racho rakapedzwa. Pakanga pane matanho matsva ekukunda.

Strategic kukosha

Muchikamu chayo, Bagration ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakwirira dzinopesana nemakwikwi. Mumazuva 68 chete, Belarus yakasunungurwa. 1944, zvirokwazvo, kuisa kuguma kwebasa re republica. Nyika dzeBaltic dzakakundwa zvishoma, mauto eSoviet akayambuka muganhu ndokugara muPoland.

Kukundwa kweboka rehondo rine simba "Centre" rakanga riri guru rehondo uye rakakosha. 3 brigades uye 17 vavengi vakapatsanurwa zvakaparadzwa zvachose. 50 zvikamu zvakarashika zvinopfuura hafu yezvakagadzirwa. Mauto eSoviet akazosvika kuEast Prussia, nzvimbo yeGermany yakachengetwa.

Chigumisiro chebasa racho chakakonzera kukanganisa mune dzimwe nzvimbo, pamwe nekuvhura kwechipiri mberi.

Panguva yekushanda, maGermany akarasikirwa nehafu yevanhu vane mamiriyoni (vakaurayiwa, vakakuvara uye vasungwa). IUSSR yakatamburawo kurasikirwa kwakakura muhuwandu hwevanhu 765 815 (178 507 vakaurayiwa, 587 308 vakakuvara). Masoja eSoviet akaratidza zvishamiso zvehushingi kuitira kuti rusununguko rweByelorussia ruitwe. Gore rekushanda, zvakadaro, semakore ose eHondo yePatriotic, yaiva nguva yevanhu vechokwadi's feat. Zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda uye zviyeuchidzo zvakaiswa panzvimbo yeRepublic. Pamakiromita 21 eMoskovskoye Highway, Gomo reKubwinya rinogadzirwa. Icho chivigiro chekoronyoro chinogadziriswa chinomiririra chinomiririra majeketi mana, achifananidzira zvikamu zvina zvakagadzira chikamu.

Kukosha kwekukunda uku kwaive kwakanyanya zvokuti hurumende yeSoviet yaizotanga mhirizhonga yekusunungurwa kweBelarus, asi izvi hazvina kuitika gare gare. Mimwe mifananidzo yemupiro inochengetwa muMinsk Museum of History yeWorld World War.