Mugore zvakanga wesangano Kiev uye Novgorod? Kusanganisa Kiev uye Novgorod (pfupi)

Kusanganisa Kiev uye Novgorod, chakaitika muna 882, zviri kuonekwa musi paumbwe Russian wehurumende. Zvinonzi zvakarurama vaiona muvambi pamusoro Prince Oleg, chakakodzera kunzi "ouprofita", kuti ndiye ramangwana prescient. Ndiye wokutanga nomuteresi munyika Russian. Smart, simba uye muoni, zvakakodzera kuiswawo pakati pemazita 100 vemauto huru munyika.

Kwainyanya mashoko

By muganhu musi munhoroondo wokuRussia wehurumende runobva gore 882. The Kubatanidzwa Kiev uye Novgorod, hombe panguva kukura wezvokutengeserana nzvimbo mbiri pakati East necheSalvic madzinza kutanga huru yepakutanga ibudirire ane akasiyana netsika. Kwainyanya zviitiko zvenhoroondo Russian yekare ndiyo "zvakaedza zvekare Years" (the PVL). Ndicho tanga Chronicle. It Anonziwo "chinyakare rondedzero" kana "Nestor Chronicle," izvo zvinogona vakagumisa kuti munyori anokonzera, masayendisiti akawanda vanotenda mumongi of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor (anenge 1056 - 1114), chikuru hagiography (webhaibheri inodzidza upenyu vatsvene) uye sahwira .

Matangiro Ayakaita

In Chronicle iri nguva anorondedzerwa munhoroondo yenyika Russian kubva mubhaibheri nguva kusvika 1117. Maererano IDPs, mubatanidzwa kwakaitika Kiev uye Novgorod muna 882, akatungamirirwa neMweya kunozivikanwa Prince Oleg. Pakarepo zvakafanira kutaura kuti dzekare ano yakasiyana nezvose pamusoro Russia yekare. Asi pane zvakawanda kana zvishoma kazhinji akagamuchira mashoko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Oleg aiva hama Rurik, kana panzvimbo munin'ina wake - Efanidy. Pakafa Ryurika Oleg akava mutarisiri muduku, Igor, uye kune ake kukura - mutongi Novgorod. Masayendisiti akawanda anotaura chokwadi kuti mumazuva iwayo mubvunzo, Novgorod, sezvo vakadaro, haana kurarama. Aiva guru akavakirirwa. kumashopu Ladoga pamusoro Volkhov River, kuzvakasikwa kumabvazuva reBaltic. Rurik kugarwa yaiva magetsi Novgorod.

Wokutanga combiner nyika Russian

Munhare X remakore Detinets yakavakwa pano, kuunganidzwa zvitatu yoga ugari. Asi PVL Set 862 somusi kutaurwa Novgorod wokutanga, uye muna 1150 nayo vaipemberera Russian mujinga muna 2009. The rinofarirwa kupfuura shanduro inoti kuti guta rakanga, kuti akakumbira kutonga vagari Scandinavians asvika pano, mitemo pano, uye akabereka mwanakomana Rurik, uyo akafa muna 879. Vaiuya simba Voevoda Oleg pakarepo reinventing varindi uye nokusimbaradza zviripo miganhu. Zvadaro, makore matatu gare gare, akatanga kukunda wokubatanidza nyika Russian. Very akangwara uye kure anoona zvakanaka wezvematongerwe enyika, uyo utungamiri ari akabatanidza nyika Novgorod uye Kiev pasi, kwete nguva dzose akaita chete nechisimba - ropa muteyo iye akaisa pachake uye Kiev, uye gare gare Constantinople, mhosva Vatengesi East necheSalvic kuchamhembe yakakurisa pfumbamuromo.

kukurumidza

Kudzora zvikuru venyika achitevedza nzira vezvinhu - yaiva zvakakodzera uye zvine mhinduro. Kamwe nesimba, muchinda pakarepo yakasarudza kukunda nyika avete pamwe nevezvokutengeserana "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki." Zviri pachena, mubatanidzwa Oleg pamusoro Novgorod uye Kiev agamuchirwa nguva refu, pamwe zvirongwa izvi nokurerwa Rurik. Kana pamwe zvakanga hunoona zviri kure hwo Oleg, nekuti mumwe chikuru manyuko okutambirwa mari iri hurumende muchivigiro yakanga kutengeserana. A nhumbi kunhivi nzira yakakwirira mitero yaitarirwa. Following rwezasi ane 2-zviuru hondo, Oleg akakunda marudzi necheSalvic kurarama pamahombekombe ari Dnieper, Pripyat, Bug, Dniester uye Sozh. Vaiva drevlyans northerners radzimichy. Rurik asati vakabatana pasi ake kutonga Finno-Ugric avanhu (vakanga vachibatwa Tschudi, Mary, Ves), Ilmen vokuSlovenia, Krivichy, kureva Eastern necheSalvic kuchamhembe, unonzi Slavia dzimwe zvinyorwa. Saka, kutanga munorumbidzirweiko Oleg kwaiva kuwedzera miganhu yacho Russian nyika. Nokusimbisa. Kwose kwose nenzira akavaka guta uye nhare.

chitarafu

Kusanganisa Kiev uye Novgorod ndiye akasika Oleg ane chimwe chinangwa - aida arange usurpers DIR uye Askold, akatengeswa mumwe ngano pamusoro Rurik. Kuenda pokukundwa Constantinople, masoja midzi muKiev vakaramba kubvuma chiremera Rurik. Vakanga vasiri mhuri kwomuchinda, uye akapa kodzero Oleg kuramba kwavo simba. Achisvika guta, strategist uye akangwarira enyika Oleg aisada teura ropa varwi vavo, vanovamanikidza kutora rakavakirwa pakati, riri pamusoro refu, iyo akaita haripindiki nhare. Oleg akanyepedzera Varangian mutengesi. Varwi akarara pamusoro pasi rooks, pamusoro pavo akafukidzwa nemasaga nhumbi. The ipapo Varidzi veguta, Askold uye DIR, vakasvika chengarava kusarudza zvakanaka vakauya, uye unganidza mutero mvumo waenderera mberi Dnieper River kugungwa. Vakanga akabatwa uye vakaurayiwa, akavigwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana.

akangwara Wenyika

Zvino mubatanidzwa Kiev uye Novgorod pasi mumwe murume - Prince Oleg, uyo pakarepo akataura kusimbisa akakunda guta. Kuti akasvika muguta, maererano nengano, akadana Kiev ari "mai maguta Russian." Oleg aida kuti guta rino guru uye kuzviruramisa yaaigara pano. Chokwadi, Kiev haana kurega. Asi zvino Oleg kuzofara kwazvo. Vamwe madzinza (drevlyans dzataurwa pamusoro apa, northerners radzimichy) akabatana Russia, pamiitiro kubhadhara yakakurisa mutero kuna Khazar Khanate. Territory chidzidzo Oleg akava simba simba, iyo chakaratidza kutanga paumbwe nokuwadzana Kiev uye Novgorod. Gore tsika 882 gore ichaongororwa pakutanga Russian wehurumende.

"Kutsiva nokuti benzi Khazars"

Chimwe chikuru Oleg chinhu chakanga kuti kutanga rakarova simba kurwadzisa atadza - the Khazar Khanate, kuvhundutsira kumativi ose. Apo ouprofita Oleg achizoita "kutsiva mapenzi Khazars", norutivi rwake vaiva Pechenegs, uye kurutivi vavengi - the Magyars, uyo, vakatakura yakakura nazvo, dzakamanikidzwa kutiza Karpaty. Uto Russian vakava asingakundiki.

Zvino pakutanga izvi zvose akaisa zvakaitika mugore 882 mubatanidzwa Kiev uye Novgorod. Zvakazoonekwa kuti angabatsira chokuti muKiev padanho yebudiriro rakanga zvishoma yakakwirira - ipapo kuzviita dzakabudirira rwokugadzira, emaoko, basa iroro, uye tsika. Rakabatana mamiriro ari kanyama padanho guru ramangwana. New simba guru pashure ainzi Rus. Oleg uye Igor kukura kutenda musimba wehondo yake.

"Nhoo yako pamusoro magedhi Constantinople"

Oleg aiva kurwa kumira kwokuripirwa mutero kuConstantinople uye kuguma wechitatu kunobatsira kwazvo itsva nehurumende zvibvumirano pamwe nevaGiriki. Vashambadzi hazvitsivi zvakawanda yakakurisa yechikoro. Zvichida zvakanga chete nokuti ouprofita Oleg vakabatana pasi murayiro wake vaviri Russian State Centre - Kiev uye Novgorod.

Uyezve, Kiev aiva suo kuna Byzantine Empire, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva musimboti sayenzi uye tsika nemagariro, uye yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura mwero yebudiriro wenyika ose muEurope. The kusaina yorugare zvibvumirano pamwe kuti nyika vaiva Chokwadi, mumaoko Russia. Sung AS Pushkin, muchinda mukuru Oleg vakaroverera nhovo pamasuwo Constantinople (Constantinople), kuti ndiye akakunda guta. Kubudirira kwakadaro, haana kunge wakaita, haana kuita Kubatanidzwa Kiev uye Novgorod. Gore chiitiko ichi chikuru vachararama nokusingaperi yenhau nhoroondo Russian. Nguva paumbwe yekare Russian mamiriro Rinobatanidzwa Oleg mazita Igor, naOlga uye Svyatoslav. Kievan Rus panguva nhamba yaro ichatonga zvine mbiri inogarwa ndima, unongoshanda kumavirira uye panotangira mvura Dniester Vistula mutero kuna Volga kumabvazuva, iro Taman Peninsula kumaodzanyemba uye okumusoro kunosvika kuna Northern Dvina River kuchamhembe. Kusikwa rakakura zvakadaro mamiriro kuEastern Europe kwakaratidza mubatanidzwa Novgorod uye Kiev apo Oleg.

Complex zvinetso

Chokwadi, chete kubatwa zviri Kiev aigona kuva anokosha basa. The itsva Hurumende aiva mangwanani feudal umambo, inomira panotangira mutongi bedzi, kusimbiswa ake ose simba. Coffers akazara kunyanya yakafanira mutero yaitarirwa vakakunda vanhu. Kuzviisa pasi vemadzinza yakavakidzana rinopa zvinetso zvakawanda - ungaderedza vachirwisa, vakawedzera zveminda kusvikira chezvipo, nevatengesi basa isina zvinhu, izvo rakawedzera simba mukuru nyika. Zvinetso izvi zvakanga pamafudzi chete simba mamiriro, izvo chakaratidza kutanga yokuberekwa mubatanidzwa Novgorod uye Kiev. Date, kukosha chiri nyore kuona, vakaita basa rakakura paumbwe nyika yedu. Yakanga hondo, uye kuparara kwesimba kupinda duku ukuru, asi hurumende anga aripo kare, akararamazve, vakabatana chiso muvengi uye kumukunda muhondo zvose. Ndiyo musimboti Russia, ichi chiri mafungiro, ndiro kutaridza zvedzidzo, mupfungwa uye tsika. Akaenda vazukuru Varangian Varindi Oleg, buruka kuchamhembe Constantinople uye akakunda nayo.

tsananguro pfupi

Kusanganisa Kiev uye Novgorod inogona zvishoma se seizvi. Pashure pokufa kwake muna 879, Rurik simba yakapfuura mumaoko munin'ina wake mutarisiri uye mwanakomana mucheche Igor. Voivod Oleg, kugamuchira itsvo makore matatu kusimbisa uye kushongedza nyika vasara pashure vashakabvu. Zvadaro, aine varwi vakanyatsodzidziswa, zvakamubaya simba vaiva Norman varwi, kwaakaenda kumaodzanyemba kukunda nyika, kunyanya zvose, riri pamwe nevezvokutengeserana "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki", uye nokudaro batsirai vatengesi uye nyika kubva yokubhadhara yakakurisa Tributes kuti chitsotsi pfuma. Kiev, riri munzira, kufanana Constantinople rinokosha vzimatelyami mutero.