Nemuteresi munyika Russian. History Association of Russia

Muzana XIII remakore nyika chapera ne joko runonyadzisa, iyo akasiya Mongol kukunda. Nyika ichiparara kupinda diki uye hombe ukuru, iyo feuded Mezhuyev pachavo. Pfungwa kubatana munyika Russian kwaisanyatsooneka uye kwakatora maviri emakore. Ndiani munhau wakazviratidza somunhu muteresi munyika Russian? Pane machinda akawanda kunoshamisa, rakanga vatendeuka kuva coherent ichiparara Rus Russia.

The chidzoke of Moscow weutungamiriri

Dying kukuru Alexander Nevsky dzinounzwa kuna mwanakomana wake muduku, kwemakore maviri Daniel duku nhaka, akamira pakati Moscow. makore gumi chete Daniil Aleksandrovich akatanga kutonga munyika dzavo nokungwarira kukuru, kuedza kurarama rugare nevavakidzani vayo, sezvo usina simba.

Vakararama zvinofungidzirwa rugare upenyu Moscow weutungamiriri, vakakwevera vanhu mariri. Moscow iri zvishoma nezvishoma vashoma nemushambadziri zvitoro, ndege okudhindira. Chete panoperera hwake kuda nyika yavo Kolomna Daniil Aleksandrovich, anovhura nzira Volga, uye Pereslavl-Zaleski, uyo aiva "kiyi" guta guru Vladimir. Tinogona kufunga kuti ichi chaiva nomuteresi munyika Russian rokutanga. Akafa kumavambo XVI remakore uye vasiya vanakomana vake vashanu, uyo akaramba maitiro ake.

Ivan Danilovich

Prince Ivan aiva mwanakomana wechina Dhanieri, uye anotarisira kutonga muMoscow, akapotsa haana. Asi Vakoma vake vatatu - Yuri, Boris uye St. Athanasius - akafa uye vakasasiya venhaka. Saka, muna mamita 1325, muna makumi mana navaviri gore ushe rakatanga muna Moscow dzinotaurwa Ivan I Danilovich. Pazera, vatongi kazhinji akafa, uye Prince Ivan upenyu achangodzoka atanga. Panguva iyoyo hapana munhu aiziva kuti iye - a muteresi munyika Russian.

Makore maviri gare gare, muna Tver akauraya Horde. Izvi mukumukira zvekwavaishandira pamusoro Russia Mongolian kuri rutsigiro. Prince Ivan akamanikidzwa aende kudzvinyirira yemuna muna Tver uye Zvakaguma Novgorod Great uye Kostroma, uye chigaro ari Grand Duke Vladimir.

Conventionally, Ivan Kalita aiva muchinda mukuru machinda ose Russia, kodzero akapa ushe Vladimir. Akasimbisa kuti nenzira ipi, Ivan Kalita. Nemuteresi kuti yakabatana Ecclesiastical simba muMoscow munyika Russian, izvo vasati aiva Vladimir, pamwe zvenyika. Kuti izvi zvidaro, muna 1326, iye akaisa pamusoro Shrine Yedu Lady pamusoro Metropolitan Peter. Uye pashure pokufa Orthodox Kalita Department akaramba muMoscow. Like kana machinda Russian havana kufanana, asi Moscow chinobatanidza rose kumusoro-mabvazuva.

Unhu Ivan I Danilovich

Iye kudziviswa zvose zvinoreva kunetsana pamwe Horde, nokuti yatyora rugare mararamiro. Mutero kwaari akapiwa kuunganidza zvose pamusoro Russia, uye ugozvitumira Horde pashure kune Tver yemuna. Asi zvakanga zvakaoma. All pasi chero chokumupomera, kunyanya Novgorod, akaedza kunzvenga kuripwa mutero. Ndaiva nechisimba tyisa, kuti vakaoma musoro kusetsa zvipo. Kunyanya kuoma zvakafanira apo Horde akabvunza mangwanani mubhadharo. Uyezve, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti adzorere kuitira yose uye oma kubata nadzo makororo akarwiswa pamusoro mudungwe wemabhazi mutero, uye vanhuwo zvavo. Saka, zviri kuderera kwenhamba akapakatira, kuti upenyu nyore vanhuwo zvavo.

chinoshamisa remadunhu-

zita remadunhurirwa rokuti ake "Kalita" (chikwama, mari bhegi) Prince Ivan akagamuchira kuti kukwanisa kushandisa mari, zvaakanga nyore akagovera murombo panguva mbudo yavo makamuri. Akanga pakarepo takapoteredzwa vazhinji, uye mumwe nomumwe aiva mari.

Kunyange kana mumwe chete murume akauya kwaari kakati, muchinda kumbobvira aramba. Akasimuka mumwe remadunhu- - Good. Uyezve, iye asingagoni kuponesa, nguva dzose akatuma nenguva mutero, nekuti kunze kwake kubva machinda Russian ari Horde hapana mumwe akaenda. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti chete kodzero kukurukurirana Horde yakanga yakatarwa uye venhaka yake. Mari akazviunganidzira Ivan Danilovich anoda kubatsira hugota: kutenga Uglich, Galich uye Belozersk. Saka aiva muteresi munyika Russian.

domesticity

Muchinda akanga akaroora kaviri. mudzimai First Helen akanga inonzi mwanasikana womuchinda Smolensk. mudzimai wechipiri waiva Juliana, iyo Ivan akasiya mupfumi nhaka uye goridhe zvishongo mudzimai wake wokutanga.

"Kunyarara kukuru"

Uye akaisa kuna 1328 ne 1340 nyika-refu akamirirwa rugare. Kwete "bhowa" yakanga yakawanda inoparadza vachirwisa. Kuvaka uye inokura guta, vagari kuti hapana dzakaparadzwa, uye asina kubatwa zvakazara, yakawedzera kuti pave upenyu norugare uye norunyararo, vakaponeswa nesimba kundorwa eMongolia. Prince Ivan Kalita akagumisa dynastic dzimba vanakomana navanasikana Yaroslavl, Rostov uye Belozersky neMachinda dzokurasa muupenyu hwavo. A mutsivi Simeon Ivanovich akaroora mwanasikana Gediminas, kuitira yakachengeteka kumadokero miganhu. Prince Ivan Danilovich - somunhu muteresi munyika Russian. Hazvina mubvunzo.

Panguva ino, Ivan Danilovich akasimbisa Moscow. On Borovitsky chikomo akavaka machechi shanu. Metropolitan Peter nemaoko ake ndokuisa ibwe rokutanga Cathedral of kubvuma. Saka Moscow yakashandurwa kupinda guru yechitendero.

Ivan Danilovich muna 1339 akavaka yakasimba pomuouki Kremlin. Yaiva nyaya inokosha zvikuru. Pashure pezvose, ivo eMongolia vari chaizvo tisisina kuedza kusimbisa maguta. Asati afa, muchinda akatora mhiko uye akasiya nhaka kuna Simioni mwanakomana wake mukuru. Mushure kuvigwa Ivana Kality muna 1340, vanakomana vake akapedza kushongedzwa multicolor kupendwa temberi, akarayira jewelers kupira midziyo, vakakanda mabhero vatsva belfry.

Followers wababa vake uye sekuru vake mhosva

Policy, iro rakapiwa Ivan Kalita, mumwe muteresi munyika Russian, muna pfupi, zvakaramba vanakomana vake Simioni Proud Ivan uye Red. Vakadzidza zvose kubva baba vake - kuwirirana nevavakidzani vayo uye Horde, anokunyaradza zvipo vasingadzoreki kana kutyisidzira. In Russia yose kwave rugare. Uye saka nguva yakapfuura. Ini ndokukwira muna 1359. Kwemakore makumi matatu, nyika rakura rudzi rwose vanhu vakanga vasingazivi vachirwisa ari eMongolia. Asi muchinda, inorumbidzwa haana Vachaoma muzvizvarwa, Dmitry Ivanovich, vakasagona kusvika usakurirwe zvoupfumi uye enyika kuvimba Russia Horde. The eMongolia kusina aimbova kubatana. Vakanga dzakaparadzaniswa pezviri kuzvipokanidza. Dmitry Ivanovich vakasarudza kushandisa yakakodzera vachipidigura joko.

Akakunda pakutanga kwematsutso 1380 ropa Kulikov hondo, kunokunda Mamayev hondo. Asi nguva zvachose kusunungurwa Russia haisati yasvika. Makore maviri gare gare, mauto Tokhtamysh akaparadza uye akapisa Moscow, uye zvakare machinda Moscow, anyadziswa uye hwishu, vakaenda Horde khans zvipo uye akagamuchira Chikwata kutonga.

Ivan - wokupedzisira nomuteresi munyika Russian

Mwanakomana Prince Vasily Mapofu, uyo akanga akapofumadzwa panguva internecine hondo mamwe machinda Russian vakanga dzakakwirira vavariro, nemakore masere agere pedyo baba vake uye aiva ake co-regent. Zvakanga zvakaoma, kunyange chikoro utsinye. Prince Vasili pachake waiva mutongi sagona, asi mwanakomana wake waiva yokutungamirira simba. Zvaakanga akwira choumambo muMoscow muna 1462, haana kuenda Mongolia kuti Chikwata kutonga. Kana Muscovy midzi nyika uye vanhu. Akapedza zvakasimba kuti kusabatana ehurumende. Kana zvakaitika accession Yaroslavsky (1463), Rostov (1474) Tver (1485) ushe Vjatskoj nyika (1489). Muna 1478 iye akaparadza zimbabwe Novgorod uye yakakunda chose guta pasi pacharo. Zvechokwadi, akanga ari Grand Duke - a muteresi munyika Russian.

The kugadzirisa Moscow Kremlin

Chinzvimbo uye pamwero mukuru basa rakatanga muna 1495. Vakanga rakaparadzwa vakasara vose yekare madziro Kremlin, akavaka shongwe itsva uye nemasvingo marefu, zvikazara rwizi Neglinka.

Ikava mudziva, riri wairindwa neDare Kremlin nechokuchamhembe moto uye vavengi. Vakachera mugomba pamwe kumabvazuva parusvingo, uye akaenda kuwana mvura kubva mudhamu. The Kremlin akava chitsuwa haripindiki. Muna 1479 takavaka mutsva Cathedral iri kubvuma iri Kremlin. VokuItaly ipapo akavaka ari Faceted Chamber. Zvakanga zvakagadzirirwa kuti yemichato ose vamiriri yokumwe. Kwaiva machechi akawanda uye temberi tiri akavaka, uye Kremlin yava zvachose vasamuziva.

upenyu Personal

Grand Prince of Moscow akanga akaroora kaviri. Inside mhuri yake vakanga kugara kukakavara. Ivan Young, mwanakomana nomudzimai wake wokutanga, aiva mugari wenhaka. Asi iye dzinotyisa akavenga mudzimai wababa vake kechipiri, Sofyu Paleolog navanakomana vake. mhuri New Greek vakabvuma kwaari ruvengo chete.

Muna 1490, Ivan Young achirwara. mukadzi wechiGiriki akamupa chiremba wake, uye iye akafa. Ivan III akaita mugari wenhaka mwanakomana wake Ivan ari Young, Dmitri. Asi Basil, mwanakomana mukuru Sophia, vakatyisidzira baba vangu kuti achatizira Lithuania uye uchatanga kurwa naye nekuda choushe. Ivan III akapa ikazopiwa choumambo kusvikira Vasily. Pakafa baba vake Vasily hama dzose kujeri, apo vakafa. Asi vasati zvichazoitika chiitiko chinokosha kuti Russia.

On the Ugra River

Kubvira 1476, Ivan III akarega kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde. Horde akamuka kunetseka uye akatanga kuunganidza simba kufora musi Moscow. Muna 1480 vanhu nevarwi Great Horde, yakanga anodzvinyirirwa nguva ino matatu Khanate, kurwa, rinotungamirirwa Akhmad Khan, yakasvika anenge zana makiromita kuMoscow. Yakanga mukupera kwematsutso. Horde kanoverengeka kuedza kupfuura rwizi Ugra, asi kuedza avo kutyiswa atirari, iyo Ivan III kurongwazve uye akaita zvakafanana zvose zvakanakisisa ivhu.

Army akaraira Ivan Young. Ivan III pachake haana kuenda kuhondo, uye vakagadzirira uye akaponesa zvombo, zvokudya uye zvokudya. Mavhiki mashomanana paiva mauto maviri kumativi akasiyana pamusoro Ugra. Frosts rova, uye Han Ahmat akatungamirira uto rake shure. Saka kupera joko ane makore 240 okuberekwa.

Zvino machinda Moscow akaratidza yose Russian muvanhu, kuti vanoda uye vanokwanisa asunungure nyika kubva Mongol joko, netsitsi vose vaiva kudivi ravo. Asi kuguma sebenzi, zvichienderana kunodiwa kuti sungisa simba mukati hurumende kuti kamwe zvakare haana vakapararira munzvimbo fiefdoms diki. Asi chinhu basa kuti ichapedza runotevera. Panguva ino, kukunda dzakaratidzwa munyika itsva rokuti - Kesari zviri All Russia.