Monohydric alcohols, muviri wavo uye makemikari zvinhu

Dorosi isiri yakasiyana yezvikwata zvakasikwa zvine imwe kana mamwe mahydroxyl maitiro ayo. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwema OH masangano, idzi makemikisi ane oxygen akaparadzana mu monohydric alcohols, triatomic, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji kazhinji zvinhu izvi zvakaoma zvinoonekwa sezvivako zvehydrocarbons, ma molecule ayo akachinja, Rimwe kana mamwe maatomu e-hydrogen anotsiviwa ne-hydroxyl boka.

Vamiririri vakaderera vemukirasi iyi ndiyo monohydric alcohols, iyo inogadziriswa yakawanda inotevera: R-OH kana Cn + H 2n + 1OH.

Inonzi homologous mutsara yemishonga iyi inotanga ne methyl doro kana methanol (CH3OH), inoteverwa ethanol (C2H5OH), ipapo propanol (C3H7OH), nezvimwewo.

Doro rinoratidzirwa nehutachiona hwebhakoni skeleton uye boka rinoshanda.

Monohydric alcohols inoratidzira zvinhu zvakadaro zvakadai:

1. Alorohols ane mapeji makumi maviri nemashanu emakonomu inotyisa, uye 15 kana kupfuura inonzi solids.
2. Iyo inogadziriswa mumvura inoenderana nemasikiromu ekuremera, iyo yakakwirira, iyo inoro isingasviki mumvura. Nokudaro, kuderedza doro (kusvika kune propanol) inosanganiswa nemvura chero ipi zvayo, asi iyo inodhaka yakawanda inenge isingasviki mukati mayo.
3. Nyaya yekubikira inowedzerawo nekuwedzera kweatomuic, semuenzaniso, t bp. CH3OH = 65 ° C, uye t iri kuvira. C2H5OH = 78 ° C.
4. Iyo yakakwirira nendiro yekubikira, yakaderera kushaya simba, i.e. Zvinhu zvinoputika zvisina kunaka.

Izvo zvipfeko zvinokonzerwa newaini pamwe neyero hydroxyl zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekuonekwa kweyena intermolecular hydrogen bond pakati pemakemulekemu ega ekamiti pachayo kana doro nemvura.

Monohydric alcohols inokwanisa kupinda mumakemikari akadaro:

1. Kupisa - murazvo unopenya, kupisa kunobudiswa: C2H5OH + 3O2 - 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2. Kudzokorora - kubatana kwe alkanols nemashonga anoshingaira, zvinoshandiswa zvinogadzirwa zvinogadzikana zvinokonzerwa - alcoholates, - inokwanisa kukonzera mvura: 2C2H5OH + 2K - 2C2N5OK + H2.
3. Kuwirirana ne hydrohalic acid: C2H5OH + HBr-C2H5Br + H2O.
4. Esterification ne organic and inorganic acids, semugumisiro wei ether inoumbwa.
5. Oxidation, iyo inobereka aldehydes kana ketone.
6. Kuderedza mvura. Izvi zvinowanika apo inopisa nechisimba. Intramolecular dehydration in alcohols yakadzama inoitika maererano nekutonga kwaZazev, mugumisiro wekuita uku ndiko kuumbwa kwemvura uye isaturated hydrocarbon. Apo intermolecular dehydration reaction zvinokonzerwa ne ethers nemvura.

Tichifunga nezvemakemikari echinwa doro, zvinogona kupedzerwa kuti monohydric alcohols ndiwo amphoteric mishonga, Vanogona kuita neaalin iron, vachiratidza asidi asidi, uye ne hydrogen halides, vachiratidza zvinhu zvakakosha. Zvose zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari zvinopfurikidza nekuvhiringidzwa kwechisungo O-H kana C-O.

Nokudaro, kuregererwa kwemhepo kunokonzerwa ne monohydric alcohols yakaoma zvinokonzerwa neH OH boka risina zvipfeko zvisina kusununguka mushure mekuumbwa kweCC bond uye kuratidza simba risina simba uye zvigadziriswa. Pamusana pemagetsi nemakemikari avo, vakawana zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwehuga, mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi, zvinowedzera mafuta, uyewo mune zvekudya, mishonga, cosmetology (ethanol).