Kupararira kwenheyo: maitiro akazara uye maitiro

Chikoro chemakemikari isayenzi inodzidza nzira dzokugadzirira, kuumbwa, mukati mekugadzirisa, makemikari uye muviri wekupararira kwenheyo. Maitiro akapararira inzira dzinosanganisira zvidimbu zvakaparadzaniswa (chikamu chakapararira) chakagoverwa mukati-kati-kati (kupararira) mukati: gasi, mvura kana zvisikwa. Huru hukuru hwechikamu chekupararira (makristasi, madonhwe, mabhutsi) akasiyana nehuwandu hwekupararira, hukuru hwahwo hwakananga zvakananga nekukura kwezvikamu. Mukuwedzera, kuparadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana nemamwe maitiro, sekutonga, maererano nehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika akapararira zvikamu uye zviri mukati.

Kupararira maitiro uye mararamiro avo

Zvose zvinoparadzaniswa zvinogona kuenzaniswa maererano nekukura kwezvikamu zvechikamu chekupararira kusvika mu molecular-ion (pasi pe1 nm), colloidal (kubva kune imwe kusvika kune zana nm), yakawanda yakapararira (inopfuura zana nm).

Molecular dispersed systems. Aya maitiro ane zvinyorwa zvisingagoni kudarika imwe nm. Iri boka rinobatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvechokwadi zvinokonzerwa neuslectrolytes: glucose, urea, doro, sucrose.

Nzvimbo dzakapararira-dzakapararira dzinozivikanwa nehurukuro huru. Izvi zvinosanganisira emulsions uye kusimudzira. Inoparadzirwa zvirongwa umo iyo yakasimba inowanika munzvimbo inoparadzirwa mumvura (starch solution, ivhu) inonzi kusimwirwa. Emulsions inzira dzinowanikwa nekuvhenganisa zvinodhaka zviviri, imwe iri mumhando yemadonhwe anopararira mune imwe (mafuta, toluene, benzene mumvura kana madonhwe e triacylglycerols (mafuta) mumukaka.

Colloidal disperse systems . Mavari, mashizha e-colloidal particles anosvika kusvika ku100 nm. Zvinyorwa zvakadaro zvinongopinda nyore nyore mumapepa epapepa, asi hazvipindi mukati mezvinyorwa zvezvisikwa zvezvirimwa nemhuka. Sezvo colloidal particles (micelles) ine magetsi uye inogadzirisa magoni eononi, nemhaka yekuti inoramba ichimiswa, haikwanise kumira kwenguva yakareba. Muenzaniso wakajeka wekolloidal system inogadzirisa gelatin, albumin, gum arabic, colloidal solutions yegoridhe nesirivha.

Nhamba yekupararira inoita kuti zvikwanisike kusiyanisa pakati pemagadzirirwo akaenzana uye akaparadzana. Mune maitiro akasiyana-siyana anopararira, chikamu chepakati chinokonzerwa nemamoreksi, maatomu neyoni. Chimiro chemaitiro akadaro anopararira chinogona kuva sarudzo yeglucose mumvura (molecular dispersion system) nekicheni yekicheni mumvura (ion-yakaparadzirwa system). Ivo ndezvechokwadi mhinduro. Hukuru hwemakemikari yedanho rakapararira hauiti kudarika imwe nanometer.

Kupararira maitiro uye mhinduro

Pamashoko ose uye mhinduro dzinomira muhupenyu hwezvinhu zvipenyu, zvakakoshesa ndezvokuti colloidal disperse system. Sezvazvinozivikanwa, mishonga yemakemikari yehupo hwehupenyu huri hupenyu ndiyo kugovana kweprotein mairi. Paavhareji, puroteni yakanyanyisa mumuviri inobva 18 kusvika 21%. Zvizhinji zvepuroteni zvinopera mumvura (iyo yakanyanyisa mumuviri womunhu nemhuka inenge 65%) uye inogadzira colloidal solutions.

Iko kune mapoka maviri ecolloidal solutions: mvura (marara) uye gel-se (gel). Zvose zvinorarama hupenyu hunoitika muhupenyu hupenyu hunobatanidzwa nekolloidal mamiriro ezvinhu. Mune sero rega rega rega, biopolymers (nucleic acids, mapuroteni, glycosaminoglycans, glycogen) vari munzira yekupararira kwenheyo.

Colloidal solutions zvakapararirawo mune zvisikwa zvisina upenyu. Mazano akadaro anosanganisira mafuta, machira, mapurasitiki, maikiramu emagetsi. Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvokudya zvinogona kuonekwa kune colloidal solutions: kefir, mukaka, nezvimwewo. Mishonga yakawanda (serums, antigens, zvirwere) ndiyo colloidal solutions. Kuzoti colloidal solutions zvinosanganisira pende.