Ethers. Nyaya

Ether is organic substances umo maomorolekemu ane hydrocarbon radicals inosangana neatomu yeakisijeni. Inogona kunyorwa nenzira inotevera: R'-O-R ", uko R" uye R 'zvakafanana kana zvakasiyana-siyana.

Ethers dzinofungidzirwa sezvibereko zvewaini. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemazita akasiyana. Muchiitiko ichi, zita reradicals rinoshandiswa (nekuwedzera mashekeri ekuremera) uye, chaizvoizvo, shoko rokuti "ether" (dimethyl ester CH3OCH3, methyl ethyl ether C2H5OCH3 nezvimwewo).

Symmetrical compounds R-O-R inowanikwa ne-intermolecular alcohol dehydration. Mune imwe molecule, hutori hwe O-H hwakaputsika, uye mune imwe, C-O kusungwa. Mhinduro yacho inogona kufungwa seyucleopic substitution ye HO boka (mune imwe molecule) neboka RO (kubva kune imwe molecule).

Unbalanced R-O-R 'makemikari anoumbwa nekubatana kweharocarbohydrate uye doro.

Ethers (zvakasiyana neaoromic alcohols) dzine tsvina yakadzika uye inopisa. Nemvura, makemikari haanyatsobatanidzi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ethers haigadziri hutano hwehydrogen nekuda kwekushayikwa kwei-H polar zvisungo mumamolekoro avo.

Iyo makemikari haina kushanda. Vane reactivity yakaderera kudarika doro.

Ethers dzinowanzoshandiswa semasvosve nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuparadza zvinhu zvakawanda zvezvinhu.

Mishonga inokosha zvikuru inosanganisira heterocyclic acid-ine zvinhu: dioxane uye epoxide (ethylene oxide).

Iyo yekare ndiyo yakanaka yekugadzirisa. Dioxane inokwanisa kuwirirana nemasikironi ese emvura uye mvura. Nemhaka yehuhu huno hukama hunonzi "mvura inogadzirwa". Dioxane inotyisa, asi dhienzo dzine dibenzo dzine halogen inonyanya kuipa.

Cellulose ethers zvinogadzirwa zvekushandurwa kweatomu ehydrogen muma hydroxyl mapoka e cellulose macromolecule neaakisi kana mashizha acidic. Synthesis inoitwa nechinangwa chokupa zvinhu zvitsva kuzvinhu, kunyanya, thermoplasticity uye solubility. Apo inoshandiswa ne-acidic residues, zvinomera zvakaoma zvinoumbwa, pachinoshandiswa ne-alkyl radicals, michina yakaoma.

Zvakare zvinowanikwa mukugadzira acylation uye esterification - mukubatana kwe cellulose ne inorganic uye organic acids, asidi ma-chloride uye anhydrides. Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha chinopiwa hutogenates. Izvi zvinogadzirwa zvinogadziriswa ne-inorganic acids uye zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira cellophane uye fiber viscose. Cellulose nitrates zvakare inokosha yezvinoshandiswa mumabhizimusi. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwevarnishes, mafirimu, pfumbi isina kusvuta.

Pakati pemakemikari akawanikwa nekuita ne organic acid, cellulose acetate inowanzoshandiswa mumhizha. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekugadzira, mapurasitiki nemafirimu.

Iko kunewo zvakasanganiswa cellulose ethers. Iwo ane akasiyana-siyana acyl uye alkyl substituents.

Izvo zvinhu zvose zve-cellulose ethers zvinoenderana nehupenyu hwekutsvaga. Kukosha kune chidimbu chekuisa panzvimbo uye kupirisa.

Pasi-substituted mishonga isingagadziriswa inoputika muqueque alkaline solutions nemvura. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuti vashandiswe sevanochera uye vanosimudzira mu emulsions mumafuta, pepa, textile, kudya, mishonga nemamwe emabhizimisi. Esters yakakwirira inoshandiswa (yakaoma uye iri nyore) inowirirana ne plasticizers. Inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemaplastiki uye kugadzirwa kwevarnishes.

Crown ethers mapeyester ane ine maatomu akawanda emu oxygen mumhepo. Maitiro, anonzi sezvibereko zve cycloligomerization ye ethylene oxide. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana-siyana chemakemikari aya ndiko kukwanisa kuumba zvinokonzera nemarata ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvealkali. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirisa magetsi.