Homologous dzino

In wekemisitiri, pane mapoka ose Organic zvinhu, dzinoratidzwa dzakafanana zvivako uye vakabatanidzwa mukuru payakavakirwa, iyo inorondedzera aiita STRUCTURAL kusiyana nomumwe Zvakazoitwa nhengo yapfuura boka. Somuenzaniso, imwe homologous yaitevedzana alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , kana mamwe mapoka. Nomenclature ichi kwakakosha chidzidzo kana tsika kufungidzira. For Organic zvinhu mukati muboka, pane nguva dzose kuchinja makemikari mumuviri zvivako, uye vari vose correlated pamwe nokuchinja samolecular uremu.

Zvakafanana zvinokosha mitemo kuti kutsanangura kuti zvivako zviri zvinhu zviri kuchinja kubva boka kune rimwe. Kuti tinzwisise kuti munhu homologous series, tinofanira kunyatsofungisisa mienzaniso yakananga. Nokuti chero boka yeimwe vari kuwedzera maitiro tembiricha kuti kubvunda (crystallization), achibika (condensation) uye arambe achirema muwanze samolecular uremu uye uwandu kabhoni maatomu ari Morekuru.

Zvine Mahydrocarbon dzinonzi paraffinic kana zvine; dzinomirira acyclic (hapana zvinogara) remubatanidzwa yakananga kana mapazi zvivako, maatomu ari mamorekuru izvo zvabatanidzwa nezvisungo kuroorwa. Vose payakavakirwa ndiye CnH2n + 2 uye rinorondedzera homologous akatevedzana alkanes. Morekuru neimwe unozotevera nhengo unowedzerawo zvichienzaniswa yaimbovapo C atomu uye maatomu maviri kuna H. yakazara Mahydrocarbon dzinosanganisira:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane, uye zvichingodaro.

Nokuti zvine Mahydrocarbon zvinosanganisirawo cycloparaffins. Iri boka guru Organic yeimwe vane mamorekuru Akanyatsovharwa zvindori. Homologous akatevedzana wavo ane yemaitiro CnH2n, inotanga makemikari kuti kabhoni maatomu matatu. Mienzaniso cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, etc.

Unsaturated kana unsaturated Mahydrocarbon zvakare acyclic. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zviri romuzvarirwo uye ISO-chivako. Homologous munhevedzano alkenes vane zvavo payakavakirwa CnH2n. yeimwe izvi dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo mumwe chisungo miviri pakati kabhoni maatomu maviri. Kana yapfuura musara chinotanga yeHydrocarbon ane kabhoni atomu (methane), kuti anotanga nezvinhu zviri morekuru ine kabhoni maatomu maviri. Mienzaniso alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, uye zvichingodaro.

Mahydrocarbon ari Morekuru mbiri kabhoni maatomu chokuita ne chisungo nekatatu vanonyanyova unsaturated, zvimwe kunzi acetylene. Vanobatana neboka homologous akatevedzana alkynes. It chinorondedzerwa nenzira yemaitiro CnH2n-2 uye kutanga acetylene iri nzira chiri maatomu maviri C. Mienzaniso alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 uye zvichingodaro.

Unsaturated acyclic Mahydrocarbon umo Morekuru rine mbiri zvisungo miviri dzinonzi diene. Vane zvavo payakavakirwa CnH2n-2. homologous ngaatevedzane yavo chinotanga yeHydrocarbon vatatu kabhoni maatomu ari Morekuru. The miviri zvisungo inogona conjugated (akaparadzaniswa nomumwe chisungo chete) Cumulated (riri pedyo maatomu) kana dzoga (vakaparadzana akawanda zvisungo kuroora). Mienzaniso dienes:

• 1-2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, etc.

A boka chinokosha chakaumbwa makemikari cyclic chivako panzvimbo morekuru ine benzene mhete. Homologous nhevedzano haasaruri inonhuwirira yeHydrocarbon kunotanga mukomboni pamwe kabhoni maatomu matanhatu - benzene. Homologues dzino vari inoumbwa dzinomiririra mumwe kana kupfuura rehydrogen maatomu waakaita kuti benzene mhete ari radicals. Saka, vakawanda zvinhu: benzene, toluene, xylene. Kana Morekuru ane mbiri kana kupfuura substituents kuti anoratidza kuvapo isomers izvi zvinhu. Other homologous munhevedzano aromatics vari aumba kubva naphthalene, anthracene, uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Kana yeHydrocarbon Morekuru ane dzichipfekeka boka, mishonga yakadaro uyewo vanoumba homologous akatevedzana.

• alcohols Vanoverengeka inozivikanwa nokuva mu morekuru rimwe hydroxyl boka (-OH). Nokuti monoalcohols imwe rehydrogen atomu pachinhu acyclic yeHydrocarbon akazova munhu hydroxyl boka; fomura dzavo: CnH2n + 1OH. Kunewo nhevedzano pamusoro polyols.
• phenols Vanoverengeka inozivikanwa nokuvapo iri Morekuru uye hydroxyl boka (-OH), asi unotsiva rehydrogen pamusoro benzene mhete.
• Dzinoratidzwa anoverengeka aldehydes por morekuru makemikari mukomboni pamusoro carbonyl boka (> C = O); aldehydes of vakawanda payakavakirwa: R-CH = O.
• A wandei ketones vanoitwa kusiyaniswa pamberi carbonyl boka (> C = O), asi kana hwakabatana pamwe aldehydes yakakura, ipapo ketones maviri yeHydrocarbon kukuru. Ketones fomura: R1-CO-R2.
• Vanoverengeka carboxylic acids vakasiyana nemamwe makemikari carboxyl boka, anosanganisa carbonyl uye hydroxyl mapoka. Formula - RCOOH.

Nokuti mumwe musara, kana homologous yaitevedzana aldehydes, carbonic (Organic) acids, alcohols kana zvimwe zvinhu, ehupfumi yavo zvikuru kuvimba mhando dzichipfekeka boka uye muropa dzinosiyana nhamba pamwe kuwedzera samolecular uremu zvinhu. kupatsanura Iri boka paupamhi kwemakemikari yeimwe anobatsira kunzwisisa hunhu uye kudzidza zvivako zvavo.