Chii chinokonzera mwana interspecific nevaNefirimu? Mienzaniso interspecific VaNefirimu

Kubvira kare, vanhu nokuwirirana runako uye kusiyana akapoteredza zvinomera, kunyanya maruva. munuhwi dzavo uye unyoro vemazera ose kwave muenzaniso wakakwana worudo, kuchena, kuratidzwa manzwiro. Zvishoma nezvishoma, murume akaona kuti haangagoni chete kunakidzwa hunotovapo mhando zvisikwa izvi akanaka, asi kuti kutora chikamu vakagadzirira yavo. Saka vakatanga nguva chirimwa maberekero, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa itsva kwemarudzi vane zvikuru uye zvinokosha Mumagazini genotypes uye phenotypes. Two sainzi, vari kushanda pamwe chete panyaya iyi, akakwanisa kusvika kuzadzisa tarenda mugumisiro - ndiwo genetics uye bhotani.

The chinhu nokudzidza bhotani

Bhotani - sayenzi kuti kudzidza zvose nezvezvirimwa. Ndiko, ivo:

• Morphology;
• genetics;
• physiology;
• anatomi;
• systematics.

Chirango ichi anofukidza zvose zvine chokuita noupenyu kasvisto, sezvo munyika dzinotsanagura afemeruke, photosynthesis uye kubereka, uye akaguma pamwe kwokunze-siyana phenotypic zvinoyemurika.

Uyu ndiwo mumwe sayenzi ekare, yakabuda pamwe kukura murume. Kuwedzera kufarira zvisikwa vakamupoteredza, saka akajeka nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, waiva munhu nguva dzose. Uyezve, kuwedzera runako, kwagara ichikonzera kupfuura simba zvokudya, kurapa zvinhu, chivakwa zvinhu. Naizvozvo bhotani - kudzidzwa kupfuura kare, zvinokosha, siyana uye kunzwisisa zvinenge pamusoro redu - zvinomera.

chirimwa rutoto

Nokufamba kwenguva uye kuunganidza yokungotaura ruzivo nemamiriro zvisikwa izvi kubva mukati, nzira yavo youpenyu uye kwemasayendisiti zvichiitika kwavari zvakava kuwanika uye kunzwisisa sei chokushandisa kukura kwavo uye kubudirira. Akaunganidza sainzi genetics tichimhanya, izvo rinobvumira chromosomal yokudzidza yakasiyana zvinhu kuyambuka navo mumwe, kuwana migumisiro yakanaka uye yakaipa, sarudza kunobatsira uye zvakakodzera. Izvi chakaitwa zvinotevera kuwanikwa zvinobvira kuvonga.

1. Double muchangosangana mune miti.
2. Kuvhura pfungwa mitosis uye meiosis.
3. Development pamuchinjikwa-maberekero unyanzvi.
4. Heterosis, inbreeding uye outbreeding.
5. Achiongorora zvaive majini bumbiro miti.
6. Zvidzidzo BioMolecular pamusoro Zvinoumba nyama uye masero.
7. Zvakawanikwa mumunda cytology uye histology.

Chokwadi, kuti haasi ose preconditions, izvo vakashanda sezvo kutanga sangano simba uye kukura maberekero zvinoshanda pamusoro zvinomera.

Hybridization chacho unhu

Chimwe zita nedanho kuyambuka - hybridization. Nzira kushandisa Fani iyi inonzi hybridological. Ake akatanga kushanda kuti kuedza kwake, Gregor Mendel. Ake kuedza akakurumbira pamusoro pizi wechikoro ose anoziva.

Musimboti yose muitiro iri vakayambukira pakati mubereki siyana kubudisa heterozygous vana chikonzero iyo vachanzi hybridomas. In kuberekesana ichi mhando yakatanga zvakasiyana. Ivo vanosarudzwa kwakavakirwa nomumwe zvechadenga siyana, mhando kana genus. In yose, pane mhando mbiri chikuru pezvakaitwa dzakadaro.

1. Outbreeding, kana outbreeding. Anoreva kuti kwokutanga nevabereki siyana hamuzi chete marudzi, genus kana siyana. Izvozvo hazvina kuva ukama. achayambuka ichi ndechimwe zvikuru nevanhu uye kazhinji kunotungamirira heterosis ari maberekero yakaisvonaka mitsetse.
2. Inbreeding kana inbreeding - hybridization chokuita marudzi enzvimbo chete kwemarudzi kana genus, kirasi. nzira iri kushandiswa kuwana vokuparidzira chero unobatsira zviratidzo, kusanganisira phenotypic. Kana nomazvo akadzokorora inbreeding agamuchire wakachena genetics chirimwa mitsetse.

Izvi iyo boka richitora mazamu mhando vane zvakawanda yakatetepa mhando mukati. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mufananidzo wechinhu outbreeding vaiona crossbreeding - hybridization pakati mhando.

Kuwedzera mhando vanhu, pane mhando dzakasiyana Michinjikwa. Vakanga zvinorondedzerwa zvakadzama uye akadzidza kunyange Mendel, Morgan Thomas uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoongorora zvekare emakore.

mhando mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana

Ziva marudzi akawanda inokosha vanhu hybridization.

1. Monohybrid kana nyore. Achipfeka vabereki kuberekesana zvitarisiko yokuumba chaivo chokutanga rinoitwa kamwe.
2. Two-spachiana - sokugamuchira hwaro akasiyana vabereki vari vaviri vaviri vaviri zviratidzo.
3. Dzokera - a chemasanganiswa pakutanga chizvarwa michinjikwa pamwe chepakutanga mubereki vanhu.
4. Poligibridnoe, kana kaviri - chizvarwa chokutanga vanhu vanoramba hybridize nemumwe uye kutevera-pamwe dzimwe mhando uye mhuka.

minda All anozivikanwa zvipenyu kukosha neimwe zvakananga ezvinhu. Kureva kuti vamwe zvinomera zviri nyore chaiyambuka kuwana zvinodiwa mugumisiro. Asi vamwe vanoda kunzwisisa phased poligibridnaya hybridisation kuwana kutsvakwa unhu, uye kuchengeteka payo zvavo vanogara.

Hybrids zvizvarwa siyana

Somugumisiro, chero kuberekesana kana zvimwe akaumba mwana. Maitiro kuti akatora vabereki vanokwanisa unooneka pakawanda.

Saka, zvaidiwa wokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu phenotypically nguva dzose yunifomu, sezvinoratidzwa nomurayiro Mendel (wokutanga) uye kuedza ake pamusoro pizi. Saka kazhinji kuwana chete mugumisiro zvaunoda zvose kamwechete, chishandisei monohybrid pamusoro hybridization mhando.

Uyezve, specimens vose vaivapo kare nokubatanidza ehupfumi, saka hapana kukamurwa zvimwe ratios. Pachena recessives kupindira mutational kwendangariro. Saka, zvinokosha zvikuru kuti munhu maindasitiri basa, ayo zvokurima, ndiko kutanga kugamuchira chizvarwa miti.

Muenzaniso: kana chinangwa chiri kuwana yeyero madomasi chete somugumisiro pamwaka kumwedzi, muchinjikwa inofanira yeyero uye tsvuku domatisi zvitsvuku asi anofanira kuwanikwa kare kubva mubereki tsvuku. Panyaya iyi, rudzi rokutanga vachaodzwa dzakafanana - yellow zvibereko domatisi.

Interspecific VaNefirimu: mamirire

Interspecific VaNefirimu vaya vari kuwanikwa outbreeding kana kuyambuka kure. Ndizvo Mugumisiro kuberekesana evanhu enzvimbo akasiyana marudzi, kuti vawane pamwe zvakafanorongwa unhu uye zvivako zvitsva.

Nenzira iyi, vanhu vari indasitiri, zvinokosha zvokurima uye zvishongo miti vakawanda vakawana, uye kusarudzwa mhuka akatunhidzwa mhando dzakawanda itsva mhuka.

Mienzaniso zvipenyu dzakadaro

Mienzaniso interspecific VaNefirimu pakati miti:

• zernokormovaya gorosi;
• triticale - gorosi uye rye;
• Rye-zvakaumbwa wheatgrass;
• -Gorosi elimusnye;
• mhando dzakawanda fodya uye nevamwe.

Kana isu kutaura nemhuka, sevamiririri zhinji zvinogona kumbotipa muenzaniso:

• namahesera (bhiza uye mbongoro);
• liger - shumba uye tigress;
• rackelhahn - black Grouse uye capercaillie, uye vamwe.

The chikuru dambudziko hybridizations zvokuti vana kana chena kana zvisiri zvimwe. Ndokusaka vanhu ndakasika uye vakava vazhinji nzira kukurira izvi zvinhu. Pashure pezvose, kana achida mugumisiro inotengwa, zvinokosha chaizvo kwete kuchigadzira, asi kuti ataure zviri kutambira zvinenge zvakadaro.

Chii chinokonzera mwana interspecific VaNefirimu?

Zvikonzero matambudziko aya midzi dzinotsanagura meiosis uye mitosis, kureva muna anaphase apo okutodza parara kuti matanda muchitokisi. Panguva iyi, mumwe nomumwe wavo kutsvaga ayo homologous peya. Sezvo achiumba chromosome rose uye chromatid hwapedyo akajairika karyotype ane muviri.

Asi kune avo vane Fusion apfuurira kubva zvakasiyana nevabereki siyana, mukana musangano hurongwa akadaro usingashandi kana hazviiti. Ndokusaka pane kurongwa mubatanidzwa kutaurwa uye somugumisiro vanhu kuva chena kana zvisiri zvimwe. Kureva, kwemajini, chokwadi, ave hazvipindirani.

Kana tikatarisa samolecular pamwero uye kuwana chii chinokonzera kusabereka nokuda interspecific VaNefirimu, mhinduro ndechokuti kuchipesana zvikamu DNA kubva musimboti masero uye mitochondria. Somugumisiro, hapana conjugation okutodza mune meiotic kwacho.

Izvi zvinotungamirira ngozi kunoguma chirimwa maberekero, uye ari kuyambuka uye maberekero marudzi uye zvitsva mhuka. Kunyanya kazhinji zvinoitika muna nemiti. Naizvozvo, kuwana goho vakaberekwa zvinomera runobvira kamwe chete, ndiro zvakavaomera zvikuru kuti kukura zvokurima.

Kamwe zvakava pachena kuti masayendisiti, chikonzero kusabereka pamusoro interspecific VaNefirimu, zvinoshingaira basa kuwana nzira kugadzirisa izvi zvinokonzera. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe dzakawanda kubvisa kusabereka vanhu.

Nzira yokukurira kushaya mbereko

Nzira huru kuti akasarudza kugadzirisa zvinetso zvipenyu, sezvinotevera. At padariro meiosis, kana okutodza diverge nechitokisi matanda, zviri akaisa rinokosha fuma - colchicine. Zvinokurudzira pokutaura filaments chokurukisa (masero pakati). Somugumisiro okutodza zvose kuramba muchitokisi chete, pane achawira zvakasiyana. Naizvozvo zvino iripo pachena conjugation pakati homologous mbiri, uye, ndizvo zvinoitika basa meiosis mune ramangwana.

Saka, yakaorera mwana zvinova nyore uye fruiting hereinafter mu michinjikwa pamwe zvitarisiko zvakasiyana. Kakawanda, nzira iri kushandiswa iri chirimwa maberekero, iye akadana polyploidy. Zvakanga akatanga kushanda masayendisiti edu Karpechenkovym. Saka akagamuchira wokutanga yakaorera chemasanganiswa makabheji uye radish.

Chii chinokonzera kusabereka nokuda interspecific VaNefirimu, hatina kare kuwana. Kuziva hunhu dambudziko, zvaibvira kusika zvimwe nzira mbiri kugadzirisa nayo.

1. Plants mukume pamwe mukume kubva mubereki mumwe chete. Nzira iyi inobvumira nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru vakaberekwa vanhu, yakaorera. Asi zvino kusaina zvakadaro unodzokera, uye vanhu zvakare kuva chena.
2. Pollination pamusoro VaNefirimu pachizvarwa wokutanga mukume vabereki.

Parizvino, zvimwe nzira hondo hadzina kusikwa, asi basa iri mirayiridzo iri yaitwa.

Maruva avo VaNefirimu

Symbol yokuchena uye mhosva, maruva nokusuruvara uye neshungu nokuda vakaenda, munyoro uye anokunyengedzera vamiririri rehapa - seruva. Zvirimwa izvi anotikoshesa murume vakawanda emakore pamusara. Panguva ino, chete vamwe nemarudzi havana dzakatangwa! Sezvinotarisirwa, mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana akavabata, zvakare.

Zvakaguma kubviswa zvikwata vapfumbamwe vakaberekwa akasiyana-siyana dziri achidzedzereka runako phenotypic zvinoyemurika! Pakati pavo kanoda inogarwa mbiri kupfuura kujairika uye dzakakurumbira mumiririri:

• Oriental VaNefirimu;
• Lily yekare-VaNefirimu.

Funga zvinhu mapoka maviri uye vape rondedzero.

Oriental VaNefirimu

Ndicho kupfuura zvichiitika chemasanganiswa ruva. bhayoroji dzavo hazvirevi akasiyana nevamwe nhengo. Dimensions kukura makapu anogona kusvika 31 masendimita ari dhayamita, uye coloring akasiyana. siyana Very yakaisvonaka Nippon, iyo ine maruva machena makuru vaaleanpunainen Trim. Petals kunge crimped.

Plant kukwirira date zvinosiyana kusvika 1,2 m. Izvi dzinovabvumira kunyika chinhambwe 20-25 masendimita kubva nomumwe uye dzinoumba yakanaka vachiita muhomba. Nhengo dzose boka iri exude akasimba kwazvo munuhwi.

Orienpity

Ndicho RT-ruva VaNefirimu chidimbu riri inoumbwa zvizere zita: vokumabvazuva-tubular yakaita. Vanewo kunzi miti ruva kuti refu yakawanda chirimwa nemaruva makuru. Mune imwe hunde kuti 2,5 metres kureba ingangoumbwa kupfuura 25 (30 cm) maruva kuti vari anonhuwira chaizvo uye zvakajeka mavara.

Izvi zvinobvumira boka iri VaNefirimu kuva akakurumbira zvikuru pakati Chikwata, kunyange munhu wose anogona kurarama maberekero yavo. Zvinotora kutarisirwa zvakanaka chaizvo uye zvakakodzera kumhara kuti vakadaro siyana aigona kugadzirisa pasi uye kubereka vana.

Sunflower aro VaNefirimu

sunflower VaNefirimu anosiyana panyaya yembeu kuibvisa. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• ichiibvira (mukati memazuva 90);
• mangwanani-achikura (kusvika mazuva 100);
• riri pakati (mazuva anosvika 110).

mbeu vakaberekwa zvinopawo dzisakarurama. Oil kugutsikana uye goho yakasiyana uye kunoenderana riini kuibvisa. The refu muti muvhu, dzakanga kunaka chirimwa. Pane zvakawanda Inonyanya munyika VaNefirimu zvirimwa ichi, zvikuru akabvunza mune zvokurima.

1. Tunka.
2. Bosphorus.
3. Rocky.
4. PR64A15.
5. Jason.
6. Forward.

Pakati dzavo huru zvakwakanakira:

• nzara shiviriro;
• zvirwere uye tupukanana;
• goho;
• yepamusoro mbeu;
• fruiting zvakanaka.