Gray dondo nevhu: unhu, mamiriro ezvinhu inotungamirwa, zvivako

The mitema massifs apo yakafara-leaved mhando kukura, akaumba wachena dondo nevhu. Natural nzvimbo nzvimbo yavo - nzvimbo mwero Continental okunze. Ndivo kunzvimbo vazhinji jeka mazuva uye hapana mvura inonaya.

waridza

Gray nevhu mudondo rakamiswa pamusoro mundima yeRussia. Mundima anogara kuCanada uye United States. Izvi inowanzorimwa mapazi inoganhurana kuchamhembe pamwe boreal nharaunda, uye kumaodzanyemba - kubva inowanzorimwa nharaunda.

Gray dondo nevhu munharaunda Russia, ari kuramba kanyika yeEuropean kwenyika. Vari inowanikwa guru nzvimbo kubva kumuganhu Ukrainian kusvika Mountains Ural. Anobatirira wachena dondo nevhu uye nharaunda rakamiswa chekutaura kumabvazuva, kusvikira Altai. Ndiyo nzvimbo West Siberian Plain. Mundima pfumbu ivhu - iri 3.5% kubva zvachose nzvimbo Russian Federation. Pasi Kutarira ndezvipi pfumbu dondo nevhu. Unhu Russia idzi uye kushandiswa kwawo huru mune zvokurima nemauto zvicharehwawo akafukidzwa munyaya ino.

rubatsiro

Chimiro yose nzvimbo nzvimbo iri kuwana jena nevhu pamusoro mumapani. Muchikamu European chikamu musango-inowanzorimwa nebani riri steeply raiiswa uye undulating. In Asia, kunze, kunyange sandara nzvimbo. Musango pane richikurukura nemipata uye nemakoronga. ruyamuro yakadaro kunokanganisa zvechadenga pfumbu ivhu, nokuti nekuvongwa iye, pane zvakasikwa abudise nzvimbo.

mamiriro ezvinhu inotungamirwa

How wachena dondo nevhu vari? dzidzo mamiriro nokuda kwavo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chete nokuda Continental ekunze. Ndicho avhareji yegore negore mhepo tembiricha ndinoiitawo nomwe madhigirii kumadokero kumatunhu kuti kubvisa mana nehafu kumabvazuva. Uyewo, paumbwe nyika kunokanganisa mumwe yakawanda vanodzishayiwa mu kunonaya mugore. KuMadokero Makomo Ural ndiye 500-600 neMM, uye kumabvazuva anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri izvi - 300 mm. Muchiitiko chino, pane reshiyo zvakayenzana kunayisa uye kwemvura. Panyika yose, apo aumba pfumbu dondo nevhu, akacherechedza zvakafanana avhareji tembiricha muna July. Vanoumba 19-20 inegumi.

Gray nevhu mudondo aumba pasi rezvinomera dzinomiririrwa manyoro Deciduous masango. West of Dnieper, vari nemiouki uye hornbeam sezvamunoita. Kumabvazuva, kusvikira Urals, mumasango pemiouki uye lindens kukura. Dzimwe nguva pane chinhu nedota. Kumabvazuva Ural gomo siyana iri inotongwa Aspen uye masango Birch. Uyezve, kuna Trans-Baikal nharaunda, pane larch.

Nokuda mukuru kurema nemarara miti Deciduous vane zvimwe zvivako pfumbu dondo ivhu. Characterization zviri murwiyo inoratidza yakakwirira kugutsikana calcium nemadota vomumatunhu. All zvinhu izvi vanopiwa muvhu pamwe nemarara, izvo vakawanda maererano masayendisiti, kunobva 70 kusvika 90 quintals muzana hectare.

On nharaunda yomudondo-inowanzorimwa ivhu-nokuumba matombo vanomiririrwa loams. Izvi carbonate deposits.

Maererano herbaceous broadleaf masango munyika anouya pezvakaitwa huru mbiri. Pasina kwavari, taisagona dzisingadi pfumbu dondo nevhu. Feature-vanoumba rukoko wakabatana azvaiitwa zvakananga. Wokutanga anotora nzvimbo pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu rigone kuyerera mvura achiwira pasi kunayisa. Mugumisiro izvi ndiko issuance zvevhu zvigadzirwa zvavo weathering kuti matombo dzakaderera akaturikidzana. Dzimwe nguva zvose izvi zvinhu tinoshandurirwa akaturikidzana ose loam.

The, zvakafanana kukosha muitiro wechipiri, nokuti kuti vachena dondo nevhu vari kuumbwa pasi Deciduous miti uye rekushongedzesa. Dead chirimwa akapfuma chicherwa zvinhu, iiswe chapamusoro muchimiro Organic residues. In penyika akaturikidzana ivhu manyowa aumbwa. rukoko Izvi akapfuma organo-chicherwa zvinhu, akasungwa kuna karusiyamu. Muduku pamwero musango uye anopfuura podzol rikurumidze. It Anopfumisa okumusoro akaturikidzana zvevhu sesquioxides uye magnesium oxides, calcium nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

mamiriro

Gray dondo nevhu (ona pazasi mufananidzo) akapa shanu akaturikidzana.

Okumusoro wavo ane Ukobvu 3 cm. Nemarara iyi, zvinosanganisira neperegnivshey akafa uswa uye vanofa. Next ari kupfuura simba grainy pfumbu rukoko ane ukobvu -. Masendimita 12 It achiumbwa kubva manyowa uye ane kusazvibata marongerwo. The kudzika rechitatu rukoko -. 12 masendimita Ivhu mavara nutty kana chiedza pfumbu ruvara. In rukoko urwu pane kumbeu DZAKASIYANA ose silica uye manyowa. Zvadaro, ivhu anova mashava Hue. In rukoko urwu, apo akazviunganidzira yeimwe organo simbi kazhinji kuwana vaima blotches. Zvinotevera mubereki zvinhu yellow mashava ruvara.

Vachena ivhu mhando govera subtypes dzakadaro:

• chiedza pfumbu;
• pfumbu;
• rima pfumbu.

kupatsanura Izvi zvinoenderana yezvakaita vanoita muvhu Podzolization kwendangariro.

Chemical zvechadenga pfumbu nevhu

Murwiyo uye Huwandu micro- uye macroelements, kunoenderana zvinhu zviri inotungamirwa akaturikidzana zvose jengachenga. Ndezvipi makemikari ehupfumi vachena dondo nevhu? Maitiro akanzwirwa kuferefeta yavo aqueous mhinduro, hunobvumira kutaura anowanika acidic uye zvakaneta acidic kuita. Uyezve, migumisiro Murabhoritari kuongorora kunoratidza yakaderera saturation kwakadaro nevhu zvigadziko uye kuderedzwa mari yokutanga maviri horizons dzevhu inoramba.

Vakaperekedza kwemakemikari kuferefeta zvakakwana kuratidza chaiwo chokwadi chero subtype vamwe pfumbu dondo nevhu. Hunhu wavo rakasiyana. Saka, kwasviba pfumbu dondo nevhu Makawana yakawanda manyowa. Vakawana kuwanda humic asidhi pamusoro fulfokislotami. Chiizve kwakasiyana erima pfumbu dondo ivhu? Characterization izvi semubairo kuongorora makemikari, anosimbisa kuunganidza calcium mairi. chinhu ichi chiri repamusoro jengachenga.

Zvinoitwa grey dondo ivhu kunokonzerwa kubva Implementation kwemakemikari tsvakurudzo, anotaura kuti urombo zvayo okumusoro akaturikidzana ose sesquioxides uye chinokosha vapfume mu silica. Izvi zvinosimbisa murwiyo kuti podzolization rikurumidze. Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru yakaratidzwa chiedza pfumbu nevhu subtype. Kuderera - murima pfumbu. Zvichienderana subtype ivhu uye vane zvakasiyana namakemikari ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, chiedza pfumbu nhaka acidic. In ichi havasi akasiyana chawo saturation.

Zvinoitwa vachena dondo nevhu anoratidza kuti subtype uyu ane asidhi kuita. Panguva iyoyo pane zvimwe unsaturated zvigadziko. Zvisinei, zvinoita sokuti shoma pane kuti chiedza pfumbu subtype.

Chechitatu rwevhu ane kupfuura zvakanaka zvemakemikari ehupfumi. Dark pfumbu nevhu vane zvakaneta acidic maitiro uye saturation yakakura zvigadziko. Uyezve, nechivako dzavo vakachengeta mukuru manyowa kugutsikana, phosphorus, calcium senitrogen.

It inoita basa rinokosha kune vaya vari kudzidza pfumbu dondo nevhu noruzhinji.

A tafura Rinoratidza ose ehupfumi rwevamwe subtypes kuchaita nani rangarirai vose Data yaunganidzwa nevatsvakurudzi.

mumuviri nokurondedzerwa

Properties kunyika inowanzorimwa mapazi kunonyanya novimba zviri manyowa. The zvechadenga pfumbu ivhu panyama kunokanganisa Texture chezvinhu rine dombo.

Okumusoro horizons Data migove vane yakakwirira porosity yakakwirira sezvinoita 60%. Apo isu kufamba pasi muvhu Profile arambe achirema inowedzerawo. Izvi imhaka vasanyanye wevasungwa kuti manyowa. The Data mumuviri zvivako dzimwe kusiyana zvichienderana subtype pakati nevhu izvi. Saka, mune rima-jena pamatombo arambe achirema pakati subsurface kunyange zviduku. Izvi imhaka yakakwirira manyowa tigutsikane uye yakawanda raidudzwa yokuronga patsva.

Mumwe mumuviri zvatariswa ndiyo arambe achirema ari illuvial horizons. subtypes All vachena nevhu zviri kumusoro zvikuru. Its ukoshi kunosvika kubva 1.5 kusvika 1,65 magiramu muzana cubic sendimita. Panyaya yose porosity, zviri kuwanda kubva 50 kusvika 60%. A iri repamusoro akaturikidzana - kubva 40 kusvika 45%. porosity mamirire mune chiedza pfumbu subtype ruchigona rirambe richibvira mhando. chinhu ichi akazoita permeability ivhu.

Kana murima pfumbu subtype, panyama ayo ehupfumi hunonyanya zvakanaka. Izvi ivhu rukoko kunoratidzwa mvura guru chinzvimbo, izvo anobvumira yose chirimwa nyika kuti vawane mvura zvikuru-zvinodiwa naye. Gray uye Light Gray subtypes nyika dondo mapazi nani mwoyo nhaka chitarisiko. Ichi pasi manyowa kugutsikana, uye chikamu chiduku chete sludge, uye yakawanda silt zvikamu zviduku. izvi unhu zvose zvinobatsira obesstrukturirovaniyu okumusoro akaturikidzana pamusoro jengachenga pashure kurima. munyika dzakadaro kushambira nokukurumidza uye goko inotungamirwa kunoitika pamusoro pemvura.

The microstructure dzakasiyana subtypes vachena nevhu vari kusiyana nomumwe uye mvura-nemishonga. Somuenzaniso, kuvheneka wachena chitarisiko pashure kurima nokukurumidza chisimbiso. Izvi imhaka yokuti subtype iri vaichengeta kuvapo ivhu mvura nemishonga aggregates kuti vari kupfuura 0.25 mm.

zvoutachiona unhu

Manyowa ivhu rinoungana ndachena mu aro okumusoro horizons uye inomirira boka rose zvine yeimwe mukuru samolecular. It chaivo zvinoriumba - huru wemafuta ari makemikari rukoko wokutanga profile. It ane yakawanda phosphorus, senitrogen nezvimwe zvinhu. manyowa inotungamirwa anotora nzvimbo Deciduous chirimwa uye makata, uyewo midzi vakafa miti pamwe kutora mukana zvigare.

chafariz ezvinhu

Maererano chakarurama ichi pfumbu dondo nevhu ehupfumi zvikuru zvakanaka. Kwenguva yakareba, huchavapo kubva April kusvika December, kumativi zvavo Profile pane tembiricha akanaka. Nechando kunoitika pakatanga yechando, uye dzimwe nguva January. By April rukoko kudzika 50 kusvika 70 masendimita vakatobatana thawed zvachose.

Nechepakati uye vokumadokero masango-inowanzorimwa mapazi ivhu facies ndowenyika subtype nokupisa zvitengeswa. Pano unogona kuchengeta periodic nechando uye thawing rokumusoro rukoko munguva yechando nguva.

Chimwe chafariz hurumende nevhu kwese kuti Western kuSiberia. Pano pane yakareba kuoma nechando akaturikidzana jengachenga. Mukuwedzera, nokuuya remvura ivhu thawed zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi imhaka chakakomba frosts, uyewo chando diki. basa Field munzvimbo idzi vanotanga kuitwa chete muna May. Zvisinei, panguva ino pajinga nhanho kunyange tembiricha subzero vari kuchengetedzwa.

mhepo muoti

mamirire uyu kutaridza vakawanda zvakavapo. Uye vari vose chokuita pakasvika mhepo ivhu uye mimwe yayo kufamba pairi, uyewo rinodyiwa. Izvi zvakare Chiitiko negasi Exchange kuti kunoitika pakati akaturikidzana pakati pajengachenga uye rwakapoteredza mhepo.

Soil mumhepo pakasvika mumwaka unotevera ari kuwana zvimwe kuchinja vayo sezvamunoita. Uye okumusoro akaturikidzana ino kwacho zvakawanda zvikuru.

Water utongi

Gray nevhu dondo kunoratidzwa nguva nenguva kugeza mhando chinoratidza. Kazhinji, kunayisa zhinji inowira mumatsutso moisturize pasi masendimita chete 50. Zvakadzika mwando chinopinda panguva yechirimo nyungudika. Panyaya iyi, pakukora pamusoro wetting ivhu kunobva simba nechando pabutiro eko meltwater.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvechadenga mvura hurumende iri kuchengetwa munzvimbo dzine matombo. Pano, kufadza kurasikirwa mwando muzhizha kungava 20% nechifukidziro rukoko zvevhu ane pakukora mita.

A akasiyana zvachose mvura hurumende ivhu dziri musango munzvimbo. Heino kuwanda kwazvo chando kunoitika munguva yechando. Panyaya iyi, muchirimo ivhu wakanyorova zvikuru kwazvo. Zvisinei, vakabva, rinoshandisa yakadzika midzi miti. Izvi unoomesa ivhu kuti kudzika 4 kusvika 5 mamita.

inotonhorera chinzvimbo

Most zvakanaka ehupfumi yacho chinoratidza vane rima pfumbu dondo ivhu. Vane yakakwirira dzinongoitika ibereke nokuda yakawanda ndiripo manyowa, phosphorus uye senitrogen.

Zvinovaka kwadzinoita ivhu zvinoenderana ayo kurimwa uye mupfudze kushanda. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, okumusoro akaturikidzana ari jengachenga ichange iine mukuru chitsama zvinhu zvinokosha.

Pazuva inotonhorera hurumende nevhu unochinja zviri hydrolyzable senitrogen. Zvikurukuru murombo iyi chinhu chiedza pfumbu ivhu. Imwe nyika mbereko indices iri pamberi mavari pamusoro iripo phosphorus. The kunonyanyisa Huwandu chaikosha ichi chiri residually calcareous nevhu.

Summer mwaka zvinobatsira Activate makemikari, utachiona uye nemamwe maitiro kuti kuitika arable nevhu. In pakati inodziya mwaka pane kuwedzera hydrolytic uye exchanges acidity. Nezvenyaya iyi, izvozvo akaderedza ivhu saturation zvigadziko.

Kushandiswa zvoupfumi basa

Mugore agro-maindasitiri kunzwisisa munyika chichiri kwaisanganisirawo nharaunda umo mune pfumbu dondo nevhu. The wembereko wenyika iyo achibvumira vanhu kuti abudirire kukura navo zvirimwa zvakasiyana. Mukuwedzera, vachena dondo nevhu vane nzvimbo yavo maumbirwo mafuro uye mafuro, uye hayfields.

The kukudziridzwa nzvimbo kukudziridzwa dzokurima inowanzorimwa chitubu uye chando gorosi, chibage uye shuga bhiti, neshinda, mbatatisi, uye zvakafanana. D. The European dondo-zvakapararira horticulture.

The Bhizimisi turnover zvinosanganisira subtypes zvose vachena ivhu. munhu uyu uderedze kuwedzera kubereka hwavo nokushandisa zvakawanda mabasa. Simba yakaorera topsoil iri zvakasikwa pakusangana uye uswa kurimwa. Izvi anovandudza mumuviri unhu uye muviri hurumende nevhu, uyewo kunoderedza kukwanisa kuumba goko panyika rukoko. Kunze nyika yakakwirira acidity anatsiridze unhu hwavo pasi liming.

Forest kurimwa kwacho bvudzi uye chiedza pfumbu nevhu Zvinogonekawo kuti rusesi arable rukoko. Chiitiko ichi chiri pamwe muchangosangana. Kana zvakakodzera, aite nyika uye liming.

Kuorera yerima pfumbu nevhu nekuwedzera hurongwa kushanda fetiraiza. Uye kubvisa yavo zvawanzwa hydrolytic acidity uchishandisa phosphate fetiraiza.

kushandiswa Agricultural vachena kukurwa kwevhu kudzora matanho anofanira pamwe. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya reEurope nharaunda yomudondo-inowanzorimwa wongoramba. Kuti matanho akadaro ivhu mhiri pamateru, ronga yevhu anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye zvichingodaro. D.