Law, zvisinei nhaka. mitemo Mendel vake. genetics

Somugumisiro, tsvakurudzo musayendisiti K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak muna 1900 vakanga "rega" mitemo genetics, akagadzira muna 1865 muvambi sayenzi yedzinza - Gregor Mendel. In kuedza kwavo, musayendisiti akashandisa Hybridological nzira iyo zviga nhaka unhu uye zvimwe zvivako zviri zvipenyu akanga akagadzira. Munyaya ino tichakurukura mitemo inokosha yedzinza yedzimudzangara, kudzidza genetics.

Mendel nokutsvakurudza yake

Application hybridological nzira akamutendera kuti asimbise zvinoverengeka mitemo, ipapo mitemo iyi Mendel. Somuenzaniso, chakataurwa mutemo kufanana yedzinza wokutanga VaNefirimu (mutemo Mendel rokutanga). Akataura kuti chokwadi kuratidzwa F ₁ VaNefirimu chete kuchiitwa rimwe, dzinodzorwa nokuda hukuru Gene. Saka kuyambuka zvirimwa pizi mhando mbeu yakasiyana mbeu ruvara (yeyero uye girini), zvose pakutanga zera VaNefirimu vakanga chete tsvuku mbeu ruvara. Uyezve, vose vanhu ava vakanga variwo chete genotype (vaiva heterozygotes).

mutemo panguva iyoyo

Kuramba muchinjikwa pakati chiratidzazvizhinji wakatorwa kubva pakutanga-chizvarwa VaNefirimu, Mendel akagamuchira F ₂ cleavage zvinhu. Nemamwe mashoko, phenotypically kuzvibatanidza zvinomera pamwe recessive alleles rebvunzo chikabviswa (girini ruvara mbeu) mu uwandu mumwe pavatatu VaNefirimu zvose. Nokudaro, mitemo rusununguko wenhaka akabvumira Mendel kurondwa nokupfuuridzirwa mashandiro sezvo chikuru uye recessive majini mu nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru VaNefirimu.

Va- uye poligibridnoe kuchinjika

In Zvakazoitwa kuedza, Mendel kuoma mamiriro nokuda Implementation kwavo. Zvino, nokuti ichiyambuka zvinomera vakatorwa, sezvo vaviri vakasiyana, uye vakawanda yegwara dzimwe vatambi. zvinotaurwa Scientific vakatevera rave uye recessive nhaka majini uye cleavage zvabuda vakawana, izvo zvinogona vanomiririrwa vakawanda payakavakirwa (3: 1) ^N, apo N - nhamba yegwara kungaitwa kutaurwa zvakasiyana mubereki vanhu. Saka, nokuti mbiri-chemasanganiswa kuberekesana phenotypically anotsemura wechipiri chizvarwa VaNefirimu achava akadini: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 kana 9: 3: 3: 1. Ndiko, rudzi wechipiri VaNefirimu zvinogona kuonekwa mhando ina phenotypes: muti pamwe tsvuku kumeso (9/16) ayo, pamwe yeyero Enrugado (3/16), pamwe mutema kumeso (3/16) uye manyoro rakawunyana mbeu (chikamu 1/16 ). Saka, murayiro, zvisinei nhaka vakagamuchira yake kwemasvomhu uchapupu, uye poligibridnoe mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana akaonekwa zvishoma monohybrid - "seari" pamusoro mumwe.

mhando nhaka

In genetics, pane mhando dzakawanda yedzimudzangara zvatariswa uye zvivako nevabereki vana. The chikuru chokuratidza pano ndiyo chimiro chinowanika kuzvidzora kuitwa zvichida rimwe Gene - monogenic nhaka, kana kupfuura - polygenic nhaka. Pakuvamba isu akatarisa mutemo, zvisinei nhaka unhu kuti monkey uye vaviri-chemasanganiswa kuberekesana, kureva wokutanga, wechipiri newechitatu mutemo Mendel. We funga zvino chimiro ichi sezvo chokuita nhaka. yokungotaura hwaro Its ndiyo dzidziso Thomas Morgan, unonzi chromosome. Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti, pamwe hunhu chakasvitswa mwana vakazvimirira, pane mhando nhaka autosomal uye adhesion pabonde-ukama.

Muzviitiko izvi, mumwe zviratidzo vashoma chete munhu vari nhaka pamwe chete nemauto majini iri imwe chromosome akauisa pedyo - mumwe. Zvinoumba linkage boka ane nhamba akaenzana haploid yakatarwa okutodza. Somuenzaniso, imwe karyotype nevanhu 46 okutodza, izvo unoenderana mapoka linkage 23. Zvakaonekwa kuti duku daro pakati majini pamusoro chromosome, kashoma rinowanika pakati Crossover muitiro, zvinoita kuti Chiitiko yokugara kushanduka.

Sezvo nhaka majini iri X chromosome

Tichidzidza mifananidzo nhaka, kuteerera mashoko chromosomal dzidziso Morgan. Ongororo Genetic dzakaratidza kuti zvose vanhu nemhuka (hove, shiri, mhuka) pane boka nezviratidzo nhaka mashandiro kuti unochinja ane uriri nomumwe. Somuenzaniso, nguvo ruvara mune katsi, ruvara chiratidzo uye ropa pakugwamba muvanhu zvinodzorwa ne majini riri pabonde X chromosome. Sezvo urema zvinoenderana majini evanhu phenotypically kwakaratidzwa muchimiro nhaka zvirwere, Gene inonzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira hemophilia uye ruvara upofu. Panovhurwa Mendel uye T. Morgan akabvumira kushandisa mitemo genetics ari dzinonetsa nzvimbo evanhu sezvo mushonga, kurima, maberekero mhuka, zvinomera uye tupukanana tusingaoneki.

The ukama pakati majini vavo zvivako kutsunga

With ano nemagene tsvakurudzo, kwakaonekwa kuti mitemo hwokuzvimirira nhaka vari kuti zvimwe kuwedzera, sezvo nhamba "1 Gene - 1 chiratidzo", pane, hakusi nokudenga. In sainzi isu kwakazivikanwa zviitiko vakawanda Gene chiito uye mukukurukurirana nealellnyh zvitarisiko dzavo. mhando kwakadaro zvinosanganisira epistasis, complementarity, Polymers. Saka vakawana kuti uwandu Melatonin ganda ruvara anokonzera ayo ruvara, zvinodzorwa neboka nhaka unhu. The zvakawanda chikuru genotype kwevanhu majini anokonzera kuti kwetunhu ruvara, iro zvasviba ganda. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza maitiro akadai Polymers. In miti, chimiro ichi nhaka yokusafa nechipiriso mhando mhuri umo tsanga makara polymeric aidzora boka magene.

Nokudaro, genotype neimwe muviri rine zvakakwana hurongwa. It yakaumbwa somugumisiro nhau kukura mhando - phylogeny. Mamiriro vakawanda zviratidzo uye anokosha zvinhu - ndiwo mugumisiro nokuda Gene mukukurukurirana, zvose allelic uye asiri allelic, uye vanogona kufurira kukura anoverengeka zvechadenga muviri.