Methanol - chii? Methanol chepfu: Zviratidzo neMarapirwo

Zvichida kupfuura kamwe, mumwe nomumwe wedu takanzwa pamusoro vakawanda chepfu pamwe yokunyepedzera doro kugadzirwa (kusanganisira rufu), umo methanol yakawanikwa. Chii uye nei zvakadaro anokanganisa migumisiro ayo pamusoro muviri? Nei inowedzerwa doro? Chii chingava migumisiro kubvuma zvinhu zvakadai? Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, tinofanira kutarisa munhoroondo doro kugadzirwa, kuti kuparadzirwa kwayo muminda mabasa evanhu uye mumiedzo zvekuchipatara.

methanol

Methanol - a Hauoneki muchetura mvura ndiyo nyore monohydric doro, uye wokutanga nhengo homologous akatevedzana monohydric alcohols. Uyewo mune madenderedzwa yesayenzi inonzi somuti kana methyl doro, carbinol uye methyl hydroxide. The mvura yaunganidzwa DISTILLATION pamusoro lignin kana matanda - rinoumba zvinhu residues Woody chirimwa masero masvingo. Ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai kwetunhu methanol kukwana oxidation kuti methane uye methane kubudikidza kuberekana kuburikidza methylenechloride. Nokuti kokutanga monovalent doro rakaonekwa muna 1661 na Boyle ari DISTILLATION rakaoma huni. Papera makore masayendisiti BR Dumas uye E. M. Peligo akakwanisa methanol wakachena chimiro. Synthesizing doro riri muindasitiri pamwero rakatanga muna 1923 mu Germany. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, methanol unoshandiswa sezvo solvent, hwaro antifreeze, huni octane peturu yokuvirisa.

Zvinoitika pamuviri

Methyl doro ndiyo imwe chepfu kupfuura nengozi pasi. Contact pamwe zvachose 10 ml pafuma kupinda muviri kungaita kuti kusingarapiki zvachinja pathological: upofu, nokuvhiringidzirwa kushanda zvomukati (itsvo, chitaka), lesion nzvimbo uropi. Rufu kunoitika kana mune mari 1-2 magiramu por 1 kilogram kurema iri anwa methanol. Chii uye nei akadaro shoma nefuma anokwanisa kuuraya munhu? The ndechokuti kana anwa monohydric doro iri oxidized kuti formaldehyde - munhu simba muchetura inokanganisa tsinga uye zvaanoita pamwe nemapurotini. Uyezve, hunokachidza mugumisiro haisi pakarepo mushure kusunungurwa fuma kupinda ropa, uye pashure pemaawa mashomanana. Saka, kusvikira pakuonekwa zviratidzo nomuchetura vanhu vokutanga kazhinji nguva kunwa inouraya dose.

methanol ngozi

Main ngozi fuma ndechokuti methanol uye panyaya iyi (chikuru chezvinonhuwira doro) hazvigoni musiyano vane zvakafanana kunaka uye kunhuwidza, muri vaviri Hauoneki zvokunwa. ). Zvisinei, zvakawanda kuderedza mutengo methanol (kubva RUR 15.500 paminiti tani). Nezvikonzero izvi vanowanzoororwa rakasanganiswa doro. Imwe ngozi ndeyokuti zvinhu kuti chepfu zvinogona kuitika somugumisiro kushandisa zvigadzirwa ine methanol. Chii uye izvi zvinoitika sei? Vaporization coolants, mvura yokushambidza mahwindo, paintwork zvinhu zvine doro maatomu kuti kupinda muviri, kuunganidza uye kukonzera Kumwe kuchinja kunotanga. Saka uturu asingagoni chete chidhakwa, sezvo vakawanda munyika yedu, asiwo chakaremara zvinhu.

methanol chepfu

Zviratidzo nomuchetura Early kuitika mushure maawa 8-72 pashure ingestion kuti methanol. Wokutanga kutambura nechepakati tsinga: kunyanya aikanganiswa nechiedza (photophobia), dilation pamusoro vadzidzi, nomusoro, dzungu uye vanotaura pamusoro pautano, akaderedza nehanya, dzisavhiringidza kuti pfungwa.

Muchetura methanol kunyanya ngozi nokuda kuzara, kana kuwedzera uwandu ropa munyama uye zvomukati, kuti kunoitika nokuda unopinza kuwedzera erythrocytes uye Chizenga pamwero. Somugumisiro, muviri unozvimba, anowana rinokwanisa kucheneruka tint. Kukura pathological kwacho anopinda murwere ari comatose ezvinhu nokuda chepfungwa edema. Hyperemia inotungamirira nokuvhiringidzirwa ari kufema ino - kufema anova yakadzika uye basa, munhu pane kunzwa chokusava mhepo. Panguva iyoyowo zvinoderedza kurova kwemwoyo, mwoyo haakwanisi kutsungirira "DISTILLATION" imwe yakawanda ropa rose muviri uye somugumisiro rotsva. Rufu kunoitika.

rubatsiro First kuti muchetura

Pamusoro kuonekwa kwezviratidzo nomuchetura wokutanga hwobva kudaidza amburenzi. Kana zvisingaiti, zvakakodzera kuwedzera uwandu Urume kuparadzwa. Zviri chinodiwa kunwa zvinwiwa pamwe alkali kugutsikana: chicherwa mvura, cucumber iine acid mhinduro, uye kushandiswa madomasi, mabhanana, akaomeswa, mazambiringa, asiparagasi, uchi, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

In kurapwa Kurongwa methanol chepfu kurapwa nokusuma kupinda muviri panyaya iyi. Kana usina chokwadi kuti huru muchetura fuma iri methanol, kushandiswa vodka sezvo mushonga ndiko kuramba. Kuponesa upenyu hwakawanda gastric lavage, vakafurira kurutsa.

yaityisa nhamba

Nhoroondo kuchangobva rwevanhu yakanyorwa nyaya nomwe nevazhinji nomuchetura pamwe methanol. Nhamba huru vanhu vakakuvadzwa muna July 1981 mu India - vakafa kubva nomuchetura vanhu 308. Muna 2000, hurumende El Salvador vaifungira kurwiswa nemagandanga, somugumisiro kunwa kubva methanol chepfu yakauraya vanhu 122. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti hapana kugadzira miti doro fuma iyi haina kuwanikwa. The Russian guru chepfu rakanyoreswa muna December 2016 pamusana kushandisa "Hawthorn" - imwe mvura kuti kugeza, umo chakazovakwa yakawanikwa methanol. Chii uye sei kudzivirira simba rakadaro - harizivikanwi. Asi pamusana nomuchetura sei vanhu 123, uyo 76 vakafa. December 20 akanzi zuva kuchema Irkutsk mudunhu.

Kushandiswa methanol

Mukuru Huwandu methanol ndiko kunyora zvigadzirwa. Rinoshandiswa senzira solvent nokuda kwayo yakakwirira volatility uye kukwanisa kukurumidza Organic uye polymeric zvinhu. Munyika dzokuEurope, musanganiswa methyl uye ethyl doro inoshandiswa perfumery. Asi muna Russia zvigadzirwa zvakadaro kunorambidzwa, sezvinongoita mamwe nevatengi chigadzirwa pamwe methanol. Nekuti mukuru octane vamwe "tenzi" methanol rinoshandiswa mumusha mukuru octane huni. The doro rinoshandisirwa pamusoro muindasitiri pamwero chokuwana biofuels.

Zvakasikwa, ari methyl doro hariwanikwi zvikuru uye zviduku zvakawanda. Izvi kazhinji mafuta zvinokosha Jasmine uye wintergreen. Murwiyo kwemafuta izvi zvinosanganisira salicylic asidhi uye anthranilic. Methanol mu sezvamunoita kwavo hakusi ngozi kuvanhu. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona kuita kuti sema kuita. Naizvozvo overreliance pamusoro mafuta kunogona anokanganisa utano.