Chimiro chechikepe. Mitauro uye chinangwa chezvikepe

Movement pamigungwa nemakungwa pamusoro pezvikepe munhoroondo yakange yazivikanwa kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zvishanu. Nhasi, maererano neshoko rinowanzogamuchirwa, chikepe chegungwa chikepe, mutengesi kana bhizimisi guru-guru, ngarava ihondo. Nyora mhando dzemhando dzezvikepe uye ngarava dzinogona kureba. Mhenderekedzo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyezvikepe uye zvikepe zvechikepe, vatengesi vengarava uye ngarava, zvikepe, matangi uye zvikepe zvakaoma zvekutakura. Ngarava dzinofambisa ndege, zvombo zvehondo, vafambi, vanoparadza uye minda.

Chimiro chechikepe

Chero mhando ipi kana kuti chikoro chikwata chinopfakanyika chinotarisana nacho, chinowanzogadzirisa zvinhu. Chokutanga pane zvose, hongu, chivako chinoshandiswa nemasvingo ezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana, masts uye kugwa zvakaiswa. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chezvikepe zvose injini uye zvinotenderera, kazhinji, masimba emagetsi. Nokuda kwehupenyu hwechikepe, zvigadzirwa, zvigadzirwa, magetsi emagetsi, mapaipi uye zvigadzirwa zvemakamuri zvakakosha.

Ngarava dzezvikepe dzakagadziriswa nepepari uye chikwata.

Mhemberero inonzi inonzi anterior, stern is end-end of the body, its lateral surface is the sides. Kuruoko rworudyi rwekufamba kwevatyairi vainzi Sturboard, kuruboshwe - tangi.

Pasi kana pasi inonzi chikamu chepasi chechikepe, zvidhinha zvakanyatsoputika. Chibato chechikepe ndiyo nzvimbo yakaderera, iyo iri pakati pepasi nepamusoro pembiru. Nzvimbo yekudzivirira inonzi twindek.

Ship hull design

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pechikepe zvachose, kana chiri chikepe chehondo kana chikepe chehurumende, chikwata chacho chine muviri usina mvura wegadziriswa mukati, mukati mawo. Iyo huni inovimbisa kubhururuka kwemudziyo uye ndiyo nheyo kana nheyo pane izvo zvigadzirwa kana zvombo zvakakonzerwa, zvichienderana nechinangwa chechikepe.

Mhando yemidziyo inogadzira zvose maitiro ehuni uye yakakura.

Iko kechikepe chacho chinosanganisira chigadziro uye chidimbu. Bulkheads uye mapeji ndiwo maitiro anowanikwa mune mamwe marudzi emidziyo.

Kunzwa kunogona kuitwa nematanda, sezvakaitwa kare kare, plastiki yakasungirirwa pamwe chete kana yakashongedzwa nemashizha ematare kana kunyange yakasimbisa konkrete.

Pachigadziko chemukati, kuchengetedza simba uye chimiro cheganda, ganda uye mbambo zvakatsigirwa necheti yemiti yakagadzikana, matanda kana simbi, iyo inogadziriswa nenzira inotenderera uye yakareba.

Pamugumo, muviri unowanzopera nemiti yakasimba: kumucheto - nebandauko rakasimba, uye mumhino - neine stem. Zvichienderana nemhando yemudziyo, rutivi rweuta hunogona kunge hwakasiyana. Vanovimba nekuderera kwekumirisana nekufamba kwechombo, kuve nekugadzirisa nekugadzikana kwegungwa. Mvura iri pasi pemvura yeyo ngara inoderedza kusagadzikana kwemvura, zvinoreva kuti kukurumidza kwechikepe kunowedzera, uye kupisa kwemafuta kunoderera. Uye pamusoro pezvikepe zvechando, tsvina inonyanya kufambira mberi, nekuda kwekuti chikepe chinoputika pamusoro pechando ndokuchiparadza nehukuru hwayo.

Mutumbi wemiviri

Nzvimbo yemhando ipi neipi inofanira kuva nezvisungo zvakasimba mumatsetse, marefu uye zvitsvaira kuti inomiririra kumanikidza kwemvura, kutyisa mumhepo chero ipi zvayo dutu nemamwe masimba anoshanda pairi.

Chikamu chemvura chechikepe chinosangana nemutoro mukuru. Nokudaro, pakati pegadziriro yakadzika, hurukuro yakakura yehurefu yakasimbiswa, iyo inoona masimba anokonzerwa nekukotama kwenguva refu kwemudziyo - vertical keel. Iyo inofamba pamwe chete nehurefu hwose hwehuni, inobatanidza kusvika kune stem uye yakasimba, uye yakagadzirirwa inobva kune rudzi rwemudziyo.

Inofanana neyeelini pamwe chete ndiyo mutsara wepasi, nhamba yavo inobva paukuru hwechikepe uye inoderera kusvika kune uta uye nechokupedzisira, sezvo upamhi hwepasi huchiita shoma.

Kakawanda kuti kuderedze kusvibiswa kwekusimudzirwa kwechikepe, rutivi rwemajeri rwakagadziriswa, harupfuuri hupamhi hwehuni muhupamhi uye hune urongwa hwakasiyana.

Zvine mavara emashizha, anonzi pasi maruva, anowanikwa kumativi ose mumuviri uye akadimburirwa kudii uye anogona kushandiswa uye asingagoneki.

Nyore yakasarudzwa inoenderera mberi nechepasi uye inoumbwa nemaketani (marefu ekureba) uye mapuranga Fstshteven inofungidzirwa kuva nhengo yezero mumusasa wekusimbisa ngarava, uye chimiro chepakati chiri midship.
Chigadziro chigadziro chegadziriro yekusanganisa kwemarefu nechepakati pezvigadziko-mapuranga.

Shell's Shell

Chikwata chechikepe chinowanikwa nechokunze nechokumativi nechepamusoro nepamusoro. Kubuda kwekunze kwakagadzirwa nemaketeni asina kukwana akabatanidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana: vnacro, butt, hove, herringbone.

Iyo ngarava yezvikepe zvechikepe inofanira kuva yakasimba kwazvo, saka pasi (pepa) bhanhire rakasungirirwa rakanyanya kupfuura mabhanhire ari pakati. Uhu humwe huriwo nzvimbo yeganda, iyo inonzi shirstrek, pedyo nemiti yepamusoro yepamusoro.

Denga pasi rinoumbwa nemashizha marefu, ayo anotsigirwa necheketeti, uye anoisa mukati memukati wechikepe kubva kumusoro. Mashizha acho akarongedzwa kure nechepamusoro pemudziyo. Chinyoro chiduku chiduku chebato resimbi chiri 4 mm. Denga revhu rinogona kugadzirwa nemapuranga.

Iyo mahwendefa isangano rekuisa uye pasi.

Deck yemudziyo

Mukukwirira, chikwata chechikepe chinokamurwa muzvikwata zvakawanda uye mapuratifomu. Nzvimbo yechipatara isingaendi pamwe chete nehurefu hwose hwechikepe, asi chete pakati pezvikwata zvakawanda.

Izvo zvinodanwa zvinodanwa maererano nenzvimbo pane mudziyo wezasi, pakati nepamusoro. Pamugumo weareka (pamumhino uye kumucheto) pasi pemusasa wepamusoro kupfuura nharaunda, iyo inoonekwa kubva kumusoro kumusoro.

Nhamba yezvikwata uye mapuratifomu zvinoenderana nekukura kwechikepe, chinangwa chayo nekugadzira.

Mikombe yeRwizi nemidziyo yakavhenganiswa ine mbiru imwechete kana yepamusoro. Marine, semuenzaniso, ngarava inofambisa, kunyatsonyanya - chikepe chevanhu vanofamba, zvitatu.

Makuru echikepe anotakura midziyo ane mbambo yapakati, kunze kweiyo huru, iyo inoumba nzvimbo yakadzika.

Nzira yekutya inogona kunge yakawanda zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, paTitanic maiva nemana, achitenderera mberi kwehurefu hwose hwechikepe, maviri mapuratifiti asina kusvika kumhino kana kumucheto, rimwe rakapwanyika mumuseve, uye rimwe rakanga riri pamberi pechidzitiro. Imwe mutsva inonzi Royal Princess ine mapfumbamwe makumi mapfumbamwe .

Nzvimbo yepamusoro yepamusoro, inonziwo mbambo yakakwirira, kana chigadziko chikuru, inomirira zvinetso zvakanyanya munguva yekunyanya kushandiswa uye kupera kwenguva refu kweganda. Nzvimbo yechikepe inowanzoitwa nekukwira zvishomanana pakati nepakakotamire uye stern and convexity mumugwagwa unoyerera, kuitira kuti mvura inowira padanda igone kumativi ose nyore apo gungwa rinotambudzika.

Ship superstructures

Deck zvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvikwata-sezvivakwa zvinowanikwa pamwe chete nehupamhi hwechikepe. Vanoita mapurogiramu akapfigwa, anoshandiswa sehofisi uye nzvimbo yekugara. Inboard inonzi masvingo, masvingo emativi ayo anoramba achikwira chikepe. Asi akawanda emakamuri ari kumusoro kwepamusoro-soro haasviki kumativi. Nokudaro, pane kupatsanurana kwakagadzikana kuzvinhu zvakakosha, izvo zvinowanikwa pane zvakakura zvakakura zvechikepe, uye zvidimbu, uyewo zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro, asi zvishoma.

Sezvo nzvimbo yepamusoro yeareka yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu nemazita avo, mazita akafanana anopiwa kuzvinhu zvinoshamisa pavari: tangi kana uta, hurairi kana yut uye zvinoreva. A semi-tank - bow superstructure - yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera huta hwehuni.

Iyo tangi inogona kutora kusvika 2/3 urefu hwechombo. Muchengeterwa tangi, makamuri anowanikwa kune vafambisi ngarava, uye nematoro mapatya ari pane zvombo zvekutakura.
Munharaunda yekunze superstructure - yute kana imwe hafu yepamusoro-pamatoro emitambo inoronga dzimba dzekugara kwechikwata.

Pakati pezvinhu zvakakwirira, mbiru yacho yakakomberedzwa nemasvingo, iyo inofanira kuchengetedza mbambo kubva kune mafashamo nemvura.

Pamikombe yegungwa, zvichienderana nemhando uye chinangwa chemudziyo, kugadzirwa kwemiti kunowanikwa mumataundi akawanda.

Pazvikepe zvehova, makamuri chete umo motokari uye redhiyo zviripo zvinozivikanwa sekuchera, uye zvimwe zvivako zviri pamusoro pedenga rakakwirira.

Ship bays

Chimiro chechikepe chechiuto kana chechikepe chinoreva kuti kuvapo kwemakamuri asina mvura, izvo zvinowedzera kusakwanisa kuita.

Denga rakadzika mukati masvingo (bulkheads) rinoshandiswa mvura, richiparadzanisa nekureba kwemukati mukati meareka mumakamuri. Dzinodzivisa kuguta kwekati rose mukati memvura kana zvichida kukanganisa mukati memvura chikamu chechikepe uye kupararira kwemoto.

Makamuri echikepe, zvichienderana nechinzvimbo, ane mazita avo. Iko masimba makuru makuru akaiswa muimba, iyo inonzi injini kana injini. Mushonga wekamuri kubva muchivako chemoto inoparadzaniswa ne-bulkhead isina mvura. Zvitoro zvinotakuriswa mumakamuri emitoro (inosunga). Zvigaro zvekugara zvevashandi nevatasvi vanonzi vanogara uye vanofamba. Mafuta anochengetwa mumugodhi wemafuta.

Nzvimbo iri mumakamuri inochengetedzwa ne-light bulkheads. Kuti uwane kukwanisa kupinda mumakamuri, mapuranga anoita zvigadziri anoita zvidzitiro zvakagadzirwa nemakona. Ukuru hwavo hunoenderana nechinangwa chemakamuri.

Simba rinotakura zvombo

Simba rezvikepe riri muchikepe ndiro injini uye nzira dzebetsero dzinongogadzirisa chikepe chete, asiwo chinopa magetsi.

Inofamba, ngarava inotenderedzwa nejini huru, iyo inofambisa ngarava, yakabatana nehitsuwa.

Nzira dzekubatsira dzinopa mudziyo nemagetsi, mvura yakasvibiswa, inodziya.

Maererano nemitemo yekushanda uye rudzi rwejini huru, pamwe chete nemagetsi emagetsi, simba remagetsi rinogona kushandiswa nemhepo kana gasi-turbine, diesel, diesel-turbine, turbine yegasi, nyukireya kana kusanganiswa.

Ship zvigadzirwa uye maitiro

Chimiro chechikepe hachisi chete chikepe uye zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro, zvinosanganisira zvigadziro zvechikepe, zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro uye nzira dzepamhanda dzinochengetedza kushanda kwechikepe. Pasina chigadziro kana chikwama chechimbo, kunyange vanhu vari kure nekuvakwa kwezvikepe hazvirevi chikepe. Uye pane imwe ngarava pane hove, kurova, chikepe, chipfeko chekutakura. Zvose izvi zvinoshandiswa uye zvinoshandiswa nemaitiro anobatsira, izvo zvinosanganisira makambani ekugadzira, kutengesa, zvigaro uye zvigaro zvezvikepe, mapampu nezvimwewo zvakawanda.

Zvombo zvekufambisa zvinokwana makiromita akawanda emapipayipi nemapombi, midziyo nemagetsi, nenzira iyo mvura inotorwa kubva kumatare kana mvura, mvura yekunwa kana mhombwe inopiwa kana pane moto, kupisa, mhepo yakasviba uye mhepo inoputika inopiwa.

Nzira dzekugadzira injini dzinoshandiswa nehuniyoyo yekutengesa injini, mhepo yekupa mweya yakaomesa, kupisa injini.

Nekubatsira kwemagetsi emagetsi, magetsi anogoverwa pachikepe uye kushandiswa kwemichina uye zvigadzidzo izvo zvinotungamirirwa nechigadzirwa chemasimba chechikepe. Zvose zvikepe zvemazuva ano zvine zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvezvikepe zvekufamba-famba kwekutarisa nzira yekufamba (course) uye nekudzika, kuenzanisa kukurumidza kwekufamba nekuona zvipingamupinyi mumhuhu kana mumidziyo inouya.

Kutaurirana kwekunze nekunze kwechikepe kunoitwa nekubatsirwa nemichina yeredhiyo: mashepfenyuro eredhiyo, ultrashort wave yerevhizheni terefoni, zviteshi zvemafambisi ezvikepe.

Makamuri echikepe

Makamuri echikepe, zvisinei kuti vangani vavo vari muchikepe, vanopatsanurwa kuva mapoka akawanda.

Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yokugara yevarwi (mahofisi emakambani nevatashambadzi vezvikepe) uye nevatasviki (makamuri emhando dzakasiyana).

Mutambo wevatengesi nhasi atove usiri. Vanhu vashomanana vanogona kukwanisa kufamba pachitsiko chemafambi kwenguva refu. Zvinokurumidza kukurumidza iwe unogona kuita ndege yekuenda. Nokudaro, vatakadzi vemakamuri - ichi ndicho chikepe chengarava.

Vatengesi vefambisi, kunyanya pazvikepe zvekutya, kunyaradza kunoparadzaniswa kuva makirasi akawanda. Imba yakareruka inoyeuka kamuri yemotokari yechitima ine mashefu mana uye inenge isina fenicha, inowanzotarisana mukati menyaya yacho uye isina firiji kana hwindo, rine magetsi. Uye iyo Royal Princess liner inopa vatasvi vane makombiyuta maviri-mahwendefa ane mabhalconi.

Imba iri muareka, iri paareka yemasoja - iyi inzvimbo yevamwe vakuru veboka. Mutungamiriri wechikepe uye vakuru vakuru vane makamuri akasiyana.

Zvivako zvepaguru ndezvenzvimbo, mafirimu, mitsuwa, mabhuku. Semuenzaniso, motokari yewaini yeOasis yeSeas ine maresitorendi makumi maviri ari mubhokisi, chaiyo ice rink, casino uye yemitambo yevataridzi 1380, nightclub, club ye jazz uye disco.

Nzvimbo dzakachena dzinosanganisira dzakachena uye dzakachena (kushambidza, mabhedha emvura, mabhati ekugeza, mabhati) uye zvishandiso zvemhuri, izvo zvinosanganisira makikiti, makamuri akachengetedza akachengetedza uye makamuri ekushandisa.

Vatasvi vanowanzorambidzwa kupinda mahofisi. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo inoshandiswa ngarava yacho, kana kune radhiyoya, nzvimbo yejini, masangano, matura ezvipfeko uye zvimwe zvikepe.
Chinangwa chakanaka chinzvimbo chinosanganisira mitoro inobata, kuchengetwa kwemasimba akaoma kana emhepo.

Ngarava

Kugadzirwa kwechombo chekufamba ngarava chinhu chiduku zvakasiyana nechikepe chairo. Chete bedzi kuburikidza nekufamba, kufamba nemakororo.

Nhumbi dzekufamba nechikepe inongedzo yezvikepe zvose zvechikepe. Rig - tsanangudzo dzinotakura zvakananga zvikepe. Iyi mast, rhei, mast, bowsprit, geeks nezvimwe zvinhu, zvinozivikanwa kubva mumabhuku pamusoro pevapambi vezana remakore apfuura.

Nzvimbo yakakosha iyo masts, bowsprits uye zvigunwe zvakagadzirirwa pane imwe nzvimbo inonzi kunomira matanda, somuenzaniso, mukomana. Imidziyo yakadaro inoramba yakamira uye inogadzirwa nesimbi yakakura, yakagadzirwa kubva mumiti yemiti, kana kuti galvanized iron kana simbi yemhizha, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo - maketani.

Nhumbi dzinoshandiswa, dzinoshandiswa kuisa uye kubvisa zvikepe, dzinoita mamwe maitiro anosangana nekutungamirirwa kwechikepe chinoshandiswa, chinonzi kutamba mhiri. Aya ma sheets, halyards nezvimwe zvikamu zvakagadzirwa nemashonga akaoma, mashizha kana hemp.

Mune dzimwe nzira dzose, kunyange muhuwandu hwemasango, ngarava dzinofamba sehama.

Chimwe chikepe chakakanganiswa chakaonekwa pasi pemugwagwa muzana remakore rechi16. Mumatare eSpain, zvichienderana nekushandura kunogona kubva kubva pa2 kusvika kune 7. Iyo nzvimbo yakagadziriswa yakavakwawo mumataundi akawanda, umo nzvimbo dzekugara dzevatariri vevashandi nevatasvi vaivepo.

Chimiro chechikepe, kunyanya maitiro acho makuru, hazvibvi pamhando uye chinangwa chechikepe, kana chiri chikepe chinotungamirirwa nesimba remweya chinoputira zvikepe, kana kuti motokari dzinomhanya neine injini yemhepo sezvinoita motokari, zvikepe zvinofamba nengarava inotyisa, kana Nyukireya inowanika mabhoji echikepe.