Metallic kubwinya sarufa: Pane? Mumuviri makemikari zvivako rwesarufa

Nesarufa ndiyo rechi10 zvikuru zvakawanda chinhu muchadenga. Hazvina odorless, zviri shata, mapurasitiki zvakasimba inopenya tsvuku. Ichi reactive chaikosha, izvo pasi wakakodzera ezvinhu, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu, kunze gasi, goridhe uye Platinum. Metallic kubwinya sarufa aripo mamwe sarufa yeimwe asi kwete yakaisvonaka chimiro. Sarufa anooneka siyana allotropic okunatsiridza, chimwe nechimwe anosiyana solubility, zvakananga giravhiti, kuti sekristaro urongwa nezvimwe constants chaiko. Kana pachena kuti wakachena okisijeni, combustion kunoitika yebhuruu ruvara akaita munhu sarufa oxide.

Pane imwe esimbi Sheen pamusoro nesarufa?

Gloss - Kukwanisa ane fuma kuratidza mwaranzi yechiedza. pfuma Izvi zvakananga novimba dzakananga namakemikari zvisungo zviri zvicherwa, ayo chimiro uye chimiro. Metallic kubwinya sarufa zvakakunakira zvinoonekwa pachidiwa dzichangobva wakanamatira pose ari chiratidzazvizhinji, iyo inopinda. In yayo dzinongoitika chimiro sarufa rinowanikwa muchimiro yellowish upfu. Kana chikamu sulfides uye sulfates, anogona aumbe muzvizhinji zvicherwa, vamwe vari ores zvinokosha uye tsime hwokubereka nonferrous simbi. The simbi sulfides vari sarufa Gloss - pyrite, stibnite, galena, chalcocite, chalcopyrite.

Vhuṱanzi

Nesarufa ndohwaJehovha boka chalcogen okunze, apo mumwe vari okisijeni, selenium, tellurium uye polonium. Shoko rokuti "chalcogen" rinobva mumashoko maviri echiGiriki anoreva kuti "mhangura-dzichiumbwa." Mhangura wechisikigo chicherwa rinoshandiswa seinokonzera nokuda maatomu akafanana. ores vakawanda yeimwe simbi kana simbi uye okisijeni, uye nesarufa. Compounds ane zvinhu zviviri, mumwe izvo isuferi, inonzi sulfides. Somuenzaniso, pyrite - ine zvicherwa kuti ane yakanaka yendarama ruvara uye esimbi kubwinya, ndiyo simbi sulfide. Iye inonziwo "webenzi goridhe." Mumuviri makemikari unhu zvivako rwesarufa dzave kubvira kare. Kazhinji ndiwo kwakajeka tsvuku upfu. Kana anopisa, inobereka yebhuruu zvakajeka murazvo uye simba kwazvo cheYangon kwakanaka.

Sarufa: mumuviri makemikari zvivako

ehupfumi Zvokunyama rwesarufa unhu kuti zvinogona kuchengetwa kuburikidza pfungwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruvara, kubwinya, tembiricha oma, utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa, arambe achirema, noukukutu uye munuhwi. Ndezvipi yezvaari ehupfumi rwesarufa? The fuma ine rakachenuruka tsvuku ruvara, shata uye odorless, soluble mumvura. Zviri murombo kondakita nokupisa magetsi. Metallic kubwinya sarufa inogona kuchengetwa chete dzakananga yeimwe. The Kubika pfungwa 444,6 ° C. Pamusoro utsotso, nesarufa ari kuchinjwa yero mvura mvura iyo awana brownish Hue uye anova shava viscous guru ari tembiricha anenge 190 ° C. Viscosity shoma kuwedzera dhigirii (pamusoro 190 ° C) uye panguva 300 ° C zvakare anova mvura nesarufa.

Ndezvipi makemikari ehupfumi rwesarufa?

Izvi zvainyanya izvo kusarudza sei zvichakanganisa sei nedzimwe zvinhu, kana panguva achichinja kubva mumwe akakura kune mumwe. The nani tinoziva hunhu kwenyaya iyi, zviri nani tinokwanisa kunzwisisa izvozvo. Chemical ehupfumi zvinogona chete kuonekwa munguva makemikari maitiro, izvo zvinogona kukonzerwa nokuchinja combustion, rusting, kudziyisa, nenyunje, fogged, uye zvichingodaro. Anozivikanwa yeimwe nechokuita sarufa: yavaibvisa sulfite, rehydrogen sulfide (a hunokachidza gasi iyo dzakafafadzwa mazai akaora) uye sulfuric acid. Reactivity kumusoro chaizvo, kunyanya panguva tembiricha yakakwirira. Pakutsamwisana izvozvo zvaanoita pamwe simbi kuumba unoenderana sulfides.

Kuwanikwa munhu anokosha kwazvo Kufananidzira

Zita chinhu chinowanikwa kunyange murugwaro mubhaibheri kutsanangura kuwa maguta maviri eSodhoma neGomora, vakati achikandira pasi kubva moto kudenga uye nesarufa. Vazivi vekare vechiGiriki vaidavira kuti zvinhu zvose rinoumbwa zvinhu zvina: pasi, moto, mvura uye mhepo. Zvisinei, paiva naavo vainzi maviri chete zvinhu: sarufa nemekiyuri. nevafungi okutanga kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa kuti zvavakanga chinorehwa neshoko rokuti "nesarufa". Kwavari zvaisiirwa kuti richipfuta zvakanaka uye exuded yakawanda youtsi. Zvakatora emakore kuti masayendisiti kuziva fuma sechinhu maatomu akafanana. Sarufa iripo muna zviviri allotropic siyana (Arufa Beta nezvimiro), nedzimwe mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako. sarufa Gloss chinhu Qualitative hunhu chiedza nekubudisa kuratidza chicherwa sezvamunoita nayo iripowo. Part opaque zvicherwa vachikwanisa kuratidza chiedza zvakasimba uye kuva yakananga esimbi chivheneke.

Chiitiko zvakasikwa

Panguva iyoyo, nesarufa deposits dziri mu penyika akaturikidzana the Earth. Vanogona kuva nyore kuwanikwa uye anoshandiswa nevanhu. Nhasi kukurira zvatooma, sezvo pari nzvimbo rwokuzvarwa sarufa esimbi dziri pedyo napedyo kuti anoputika. The fuma wobudiswa craters muchimiro gasi iri pamusangano pamwe kutonhora mhepo solidifies yokuumba yakanaka yero deposits pamwe kumucheto dzemabota. reserves Large achine pachivande mavambo. Sarufa inowanikwawo dzinoverengeka zvicherwa zvakakosha: barite (barium sulfate), Celestine (strontium sulphate), cinnabar (mekuri sulphide), galena (vatungamirire sulfide), pyrite (simbi sulfide), sphalerite (zingi sulphide) uye stibnite (namavara akanaka sulfide).

sarufa isotopes

Kune vana vokuitirwa yokuvamba isotope pamusoro: sarufa-32, sarufa-33, sarufa-34 kana sarufa-36, vakasiyana mumwe maererano vakawanda nhamba yavo. Ndiwo uwandu protons uye neutrons zviri musimboti ane atomu maatomu akafanana. Kuwanda protons inorondedzera chinhu, uye uwandu neutrons iri atomu chero chingasataurwa siyana. Kunewo nhanhatu radioactive isotopes kuti nekuwora uye emit rwakati nemwaranzi. Mumwe wavo - sarufa-35 - rinoshandiswa zvebhizimisi zvinangwa. In mishonga isotope aimbodzidza nzira zvinwiwa mukati mumuviri. Rinewo mafomu mu kwesainzi sezvo nechiidzo.

kunyoresa

Sarufa kushandiswa zvishoma sechinhu maatomu akafanana. The maitiro ehupfumi zvinosanganisira dzakananga maitiro rwesarufa panguva kubvunda.

Mumwe pevara kukosha mushonga, muitiro kuwedzera rabha kuti zvakaoma. Sarufa anoramba rabha kubva utsotso kana neshungu. Zvakawanikwa izvi naCharles Goodyear muna 1839, mumwe mukuru nebudiriro indasitiri ano.

Semunhu zvipembenene, rinogona kushandiswa kuuraya zvipembenene. Zvisinei, vakawanda pokuita siyana yeimwe. Anokosha izvi sulfuric acid, vakawanda iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira fotereza.

kushandiswa Yakapararira rave akanzwirwa uyewo mumafuta indasitiri, kugadzirwa pabepa zvigadzirwa, zvokurima makemikari, mapurasitiki, rabha uye nezvimwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu. Chinokosha che iri chezvinonhuwira maviri amino acids, cysteine uye methionine. Nemhaka ayo pakawanda, rinoshandiswa mune mishonga, zvokurapa uye maindasitiri sectors, mune gaseous muchimiro fuma rinoshandiswa senzira bleaching mumiriri, ari solvent uye disinfectant.